Plant bugs on frui
crops in Canada
Heteroptera: Miridae
I*
Agriculture
Canada
Plant bugs on fruit
crops in Canada
Heteroptera: Miridae
Leonard A. Kelton
Biosystematics Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Research Branch
Agriculture Canada
Monograph No. 24
1982
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kelton, Leonard A.
Plant bugs on fruit crops in Canada
(Monograph ; no. 24)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Miridae. 2. Fruit — Diseases and pests — Canada.
3. Insects, Injurious and beneficial — Canada.
I. Canada. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch.
II. Title. III. Series: Monograph (Canada.
Agriculture Canada) ; no. 24.
QL523.M5K4 595.7'54 C83-097200-5
© Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1983
Available in Canada through
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ISBN 0-660-1 1366-X Other countries: $13.50
Price subject to change without notice
Contents
Acknowledgments 5
Introduction 7
Collecting, preserving, and identifying specimens 8
Biology 9
Morphology 10
Classification 10
Key to subfamilies 10
Subfamily Mirinae Hahn 13
Key to tribes of Mirinae 13
Tribe Resthenini 13
Genus Prepops Reuter 13
Tribe Mirini 14
Key to genera of Mirini 14
Genus Neurocolpas Reuter 15
Genus Taedia Distant 18
Genus Caps-us Fabricius 24
Genus Poecilocapsus Reuter 24
Genus Lygidea Reuter 28
Genus Lygus Hahn 30
Genus Lygocoris Reuter 41
Genus Stenotus Jakovlev 58
Genus Calocoris Fieber 61
Genus Phytocoris Fallen 65
Subfamily Orthotylinae Van Duzee 87
Key to tribes of Orthotylinae 87
Tribe Orthotylini 87
Key to genera of Orthotvlini 87
Genus Ceratocapsus Reuter 88
Genus Heterotopia Le Peletier 8c Serville 99
Genus Heterocordylus Fieber 101
Genus Lopidea Uhler 104
Genus Paraproba Distant 104
Genus Blepharidopterus Kolenati 106
Genus Diaphnocoris Kelton 110
Genus Orthotylus Fieber 112
Tribe Pilophorini 116
Genus Pilophorus Hahn 116
Subfamily Phylinae Douglas 8c Scott 120
Key to genera of Phylinae 120
Genus Rhinocapsus Uhler 122
Genus Plagiognathus Fieber 122
Genus Atractotornus Fieber 134
Genus Lepidopsallus Knight 136
Genus Campylomma Reuter 138
Genus Psallus Fieber 140
Subfamily Deraeocorinae Douglas 8c Scott 141
Ke\ to tribes of Deraeocorinae 143
Tribe Hyaliodini 143
Genus Hyaliodes Reuter 143
Tribe Deraeocorini 147
Key to genera of Deraeocorini 147
Genus Eurychilopterella Reuter 147
Genus Deraeocoris Kirschbaum 148
Subfamily Dicyphinae Reuter 162
Key to genera of Dicyphinae 164
Genus Campyloneura Fieber 164
Genus Cyrtopeltis Fieber 165
Genus Macrolophus Fieber 168
Genus Dicyphus Fieber 170
Scientific and common names of plants 180
Glossary 184
Fruit crop and plant bug association 185
References 193
Index 199
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my thanks to the following colleagues from
Agriculture Canada's Research Stations for making available their re-
search records, specimens, and expertise: L. S. Thompson (Charlotte-
town, P.E.I.), A. W. MacPhee (Kentville, N.S.), G. W. Wood (Fredericton,
N.B.), R. O. Paradis (Saint-Jean, Que.), D. R. Pree, (Vineland Station,
Ont.), R. D. McMullen (Summerland, B.C.), and W. T. Cram (Vancouver,
B.C.).
I gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Directors, Drs. L. B.
MacLeod, Charlottetown; G. C. Russell, Summerland; former Directors,
Drs. A. J. McGinnis, Vineland Station; J. R. Wright, Kentville; G. M.
Weaver, Fredericton; and J. -J. Jasmin, Saint-Jean; also J. A. Archibald,
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Vineland Station, for provid-
ing research facilities while working at the Research Stations during the
years 1974-1977.
I am grateful to Dr. R. C. Froeschner, U.S. National Museum,
Washington, D.C., and T.J. Henry, SEL. USDA, U.S. National Museum,
Washington, D.C., for making available the collections in their care.
Special thanks are due to D. Brown, my technician, for curating the
specimens and preparing the distribution maps, and to L. Yusyk and S.
Rigby of this Institute, for many illustrations of adult Miridae. I also thank
Drs. J. F. McAlpine and C. M. Yoshimoto for critically reviewing the
manuscript.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
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Introduction
Plant bugs on fruit crops are of great economic importance to man
because they are either harmful or beneficial. The harmful bugs are those
that suck out the plant juices and injure the plant or damage the fruit;
these are the phytophagous species, and losses caused by them often
amount to millions of dollars annually. The beneficial bugs are those that
prey on and destroy the arthropods that feed on the plant or the fruit;
these are the predaceous species, and without them damage to fruit crops
would be considerably greater.
In economic terms the effect of the phytophagous species seem to far
outweigh the beneficial effect of the predaceous species. Large popula-
tions of phytophagous species reduce plant vigor, transmit virus diseases,
and cause fruit drop and malformed fruit. The resulting effect is reduced
yield and lower grades of fruit. Often the bugs may completely destroy the
fruit crop. To control these pests the fruit grower has two choices: a
chemical spray program, which cuts into the returns from the fruit crop,
or a natural control program relying on predators of various arthropods
that feed on the fruit crop.
Because these predators prey on mites, aphids, psyllids, leafhoppers,
small lepidopterous larvae, and other soft-bodied arthropods that feed on
the plant or the fruit, they substantially reduce the damaging effect of the
harmful pests. In sufficient numbers, the predators may reduce or elimin-
ate the need of a chemical spray.
Plant bugs are not well known despite their economic importance,
the large numbers found on the fruit crops, and the fact that they have
been with us for a long time. Doubt exists whether they are harmful or
beneficial, confusion exists in naming them, and little is known of their
biology. The aim of this bulletin is twofold: 1) to help economic research
scientists and fruit growers identify the plant bugs found on the fruit
crops, and 2) to provide information on their habits and biology. Once
these prerequisites are established, the fruit growers must decide, indi-
vidually or in consultation with the research scientists, the type of prog-
ram necessary to effectively control the pests.
In recent years special efforts were made to collect the plant bugs
associated with the fruit crop from the fruit growing areas of Canada. The
major fruit growing areas are the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia,
the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, the apple growing area of southwest-
ern Quebec, and the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia. As a result of these
collections, knowledge of the species associated with the fruit crops has
been expanded and new information on their habits and biology has been
obtained. For plant bugs collected on apple trees in southwestern Quebec
see Braimah et al. (1982).
This faunal study shows that 81 species of Miridae from 34 genera
have been collected on cultivated and native fruit crops in Canada. Of this
number, 24 species are phytophagous, 47 are predaceous, and 10 arc
phytophagous and predaceous. The fruit crops investigated are apple,
pear, peach, plum, apricot, sweet cherry, sour cherry, black cherry,
chokecherry, pin cherry, mulberry, raspberry, thimbleberry, loganberry,
blackberry, currant, gooseberry, blueberry, serviceberry, viburnum,
elderberry, cranberry, strawberry, and grape. Most of the plant bugs
collected are endemic to the Nearctic region but 15 species are accidental
introductions from Europe.
The 81 species collected represent approximately 6% of the total
number of Miridae species believed to occur in Canada. Adults of most
species treated here are illustrated, and male claspers of closely related
species are figured. Brief descriptions of adults, biology, and distributions
are included. Keys to subfamilies, genera, and species are also provided.
Collecting, preserving, and identifying specimens
Three methods are used to collect Miridae on fruit plants. The
sweeping method, using a regular sweep net, is used on young flexible
branches of trees and shrubs, and on plants that grow close to the ground.
Because mirids are fragile and delicate insects, sweeping must be done
carefully to avoid damaging the bugs in the net. Leaves, fruit, and other
debris, often picked up in sweeping, can damage the specimens in the net
if sweeping is prolonged; therefore, the bugs should be picked out of the
net frequently with an aspirator. Sweeping should be done under dry
conditions, as moisture in the net will mat and ruin the specimens.
The beating stick and sheet method is used for collecting mirids on
branches of mature fruit trees. It is the most productive method and
collections from isolated branches give accurate host associations. For this
method the sheet is held under a branch and the branch is sharply struck
with the stick. The bugs are jarred loose, fall on the sheet, and are picked
off the sheet quickly with an aspirator.
The third method is to search for individual specimens on the trunks,
limbs, and other parts of fruit plants. The bugs that inhabit the bark are
naturally well camouflaged and sit on the bark or hide in the crevices.
When disturbed they move a short distance and if the collector is quick
enough the bugs are picked up directly with the aspirator.
The collected specimens are killed promptly in cyanide and mount-
ed. If they cannot be mounted at the end of the day, they may be stored for
several weeks between layers of cellulose cotton in pill boxes. Each pill box
is labeled with pertinent information about the specimens such as place
collected, date collected, and host plant. Before mounting the stored
specimens, the pill boxes containing the specimens are placed in a relax-
ing container and the bugs relaxed.
All mirids should be mounted on narrow triangular bristol board
points. The tip of the point is bent to fit the angle of the thorax so that the
specimen will be level when mounted. Only the tip of the point should be
8
covered with glue and the point attached to the right side of the thorax
above the middle coxa. Miridae should not be pinned through the body,
and they should never be placed in alcohol. For additional details on
collecting and preserving techniques of other insects, see Martin (1977).
Nearly all the plant bugs associated with fruit crops may be identified
with the aid of a high-powered hand lens. In a few instances a binocular
stereomicroscope will be required to examine the closely related species,
and in particular viewing the male claspers. Specimens that can not be
identified, or specimens that need confirmation, should be forwarded to:
National Identification Service, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agri-
culture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Most of the material for this book was collected by me and is in the
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa. Some records were
obtained from Agriculture Research Stations, Vancouver and Summer-
land, British Columbia; Vineland Station and Ottawa, Ontario; St. Jean,
Quebec; Fredericton, New Brunswick; Kentville, Nova Scotia; and Char-
lottetown, Prince Edward Island. My field work usually commenced in the
second week of June and was carried on throughout July, August, and
early September. Collection localities for each species are indicated by
dots and squares on the maps, and the general range is given under the
distribution.
Biology
Most mirids pass the winter in the egg stage. The eggs are laid during
the summer in the tender growing stems of the host plant and overwinter.
They hatch the following spring when the host plant is sprouting new
shoots. The nymphs feed on the new growth, or prey on the arthropods
present on the host plant. Each nymph passes through five stages of
development, each instar normally taking approximately 5-7 days, and
on the fifth molt becomes an adult. The adults feed continually, the males
die soon after mating, and the females die soon after they oviposit.
Relatively few species of Miridae hibernate. Adults that hibernate
seek shelter late in the fall, usually on the ground or under the loose bark
on trees. In the spring they emerge and commence feeding on the
available prey or on the tender new shoots. After mating, the females lay
eggs and both adults continue to feed throughout the early summer. The
eggs incubate for approximately 10—14 days, the nymphs emerge and
continue to feed either on the plant or as predators. Each nymph passes
through five stages, and becomes an adult. Thus, during the summer the
overwintered adults overlap the new generation adults; however, the
latter are much more abundant. By midsummer the overwintered adults
gradually die out and the new adults continue to feed until hibernation.
Most phytophagous mirids generally are host specific or are limited
to a group of closely related plants. However, several are omnivorous and
readily disperse to different species of plants. The predaceous mirids are
generally found on many different plants preying on the arthropod
fauna that these host plants support.
Few species are both predaceous and phytophagous. They have been
observed feeding on the foliage or the fruit, and at other times preying on
the pest arthropods. Thus, these species are both harmful and beneficial.
Morphology
Fig. 1 shows the typical adult mirid structures and illustrates the
structural terms. Adult Miridae collected on fruit crops in Canada are
distinguished from the other bugs by the four segmented antennae, the
four segmented rostrum, and the absence of ocelli. The hemelytron is
typically separated into clavus, corium, embolium, and wing membrane.
The abdomen consists of nine segments, but only eight are visible. Each
leg consists of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The tarsal claws
and the structures between them, the parempodia, and pulvilli provide
reliable characters for separating the subfamilies.
The mirid nymphs especially in the early instars are small and deli-
cate, and generally all look alike. Last instar nymphs assume the appear-
ance of the adults except that they do not have fully developed wings, and
do not have male or female genital structures. Thus, the identity of
nymphs in most situations depends on their association with their adults.
Classification
The classification of the Miridae in this book is the same as that used
by me in The plant bugs of the Prairie Provinces of Canada (1980c). The
subfamilies represented are Mirinae Hahn, Orthotylinae Van Duzee,
Phylinae Douglas 8c Scott, Deraeocorinae Douglas 8c Scott, and Dicyphi-
nae Reuter.
Key to subfamilies
1. Parempodia large and membranous (Figs. 2,3) 2
Parempodia slender and hairlike (Figs. 4—8) 3
2. Parempodia divergent toward apices (Fig. 2); pronotal collar distinct (Fig. 9)
Mirinae Hahn (p. 13)
Parempodia parallel or convergent at apices (Fig. 3); pronotal collar de-
pressed, inconspicuous (Fig. 10)
Orthotylinae Van Duzee (p. 87 )
3. Pronotal collar present (Fig. 9) 4
Pronotal collar absent or depressed (Fig. 10)
Phylinae Douglas & Scott (p. 120)
4. Pulvilli absent (Fig. 6,7) Deraeocorinae Douglas & Scott (p. 141)
Pulvilli present (Fig. 8) Dicyphinae Reuter (p. 162)
10
antenna
pronotum
mesoscutum
scutellum
osteolar peritreme
genitalia
genital segment
jugal suture
pronotum
collar
frons
antennal
socket
mesoscutum
cutellum
clavus
claval vein
claval suture
commissure
corium
cubitus
radius
embolium
paracuneus
cuneus
wing membrane
-tibia
tarsus
claw
parempodium
pul villus
ovipositor
Fig. 1. Adult mirid, showing typical mirid structures and illustrating structural
terms.
11
^v^^
6 '
Figs. 2-16. Miridae structures. 2-8, Claws of Miridae; 2, Mirinae; 3,Orthotylinae;
4,5, Phylinae; 6,7, Deraeocorinae; 8, Dicyphinae; 9, Pronotum of Mirinae, De-
raeocorinae, and Dicyphinae; 10, Pronotum of Phylinae; 1 1, Head ofLygidea; 12,
Head of Z/ygus; 13, Tarsus of Stenotus; 14, Tarsus of Calocoris; 15, Wing membrane
of Hyaliodini; 16, Wing membrane of Deraeocorini.
12
Subfamily Mirinae Hahn
The following are the subfamily characteristics: 1) large, free parem-
podia, diverging toward apices; 2) usually prominent pronotal collar; and
3) male genitalia with membranous lobes and flexible ductus seminis.
The subfamily is represented by 2 tribes, 1 1 genera, and 37 species.
Twenty-two species are phytophagous, 15 species are predaceous.
Key to tribes of Mirinae
1. Head, pronotum, and hemelytra velvety Resthenini (p. 13)
Head, pronotum, and hemelytra shiny, not velvety ....... Mirini (p. 14)
Tribe Resthenini
The tribe is represented by one genus and one species.
Genus Prepops Reuter
Elongate, velvety, black and orange species. Head vertical, short.
Collar on pronotum prominent. Osteolar peritreme small, indistinct.
One species was. collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Prepops rubellicollis (Knight)
Fig. 17; Map 1
Platytylellus rubellicollis Knight, 19236:555.
Prepops rubellicollis'. Carvalho, 1959:341.
Length 6.6—7.7 mm; width 2.3—2.9 mm. Head black, base orange.
Pronotum black, collar and parts of calli orange. Scutellum black.
Hemelytra black. Ventral surface and legs black.
Remarks. This species is readily separated from all others by the
velvety texture of the dorsal surface, by the large size, and by the orange
collar (Fig. 17).
Collected on wild grape in Ontario and Quebec; phytophagous. The
nymphs appear about the last part of May and the adults about the end of
June. The adults are active throughout July, and gradually die out by the
first part of August.
13
Map 1. Collection localities for Prepops rubellicollis.
Map 2. Collection localities for Neurocolpus nubilus.
Map 3. Collection localities for Taedia scrupea.
Omnivorous, collected on many other herbaceous plants.
Distribution. Northern half of USA; British Columbia, Prairie Pro-
vinces, Ontario, Quebec (Map 1).
Tribe Mirini
The tribe is represented by 10 genera and 36 species. Most of the
species are phytophagous, but all 15 species of the genus Phytocoris are
predaceous.
Key to genera of Mirini
1. First antennal segment with numerous flattened black hairs (Fig. 18)
Neurocolpus Reuter (p. 15)
First antennal segment without flattened hairs 2
2. Pronotum with depressed black spots behind each callus (Figs. 19—22) ....
Taedia Distant (p. 18)
Pronotum without depressed black spots 3
3. Species black, densely pubescent; second antennal segment clavate (Fig. 23)
Capsus Fabricius (p. 24)
Species not black; second antennal segment linear 4
4. Species with four longitudinal black lines on dorsal surface (Fig. 24)
Poecilocapsus Reuter (p. 24)
Species without four black lines 5
14
5. Carina between eyes present 6
Carina between eyes absent 8
6. Eyes nearly spherical, ventral margin of eye not extending below antennal
socket (Fig. 11) Lygidea Reuter (p. 28)
Eyes elliptic, ventral margin extending below antennal socket (Fig. 12) . . 7
7. Pronotum coarsely punctate (Figs. 27—31) Lygus Hahn (p. 30)
Pronotum finely punctate (Figs. 32-39) Lygocoris Reuter (p. 41)
8. First segment of hind tarsus longer than second (Fig. 13)
Stenotus Jakovlev (p. 58)
First segment of hind tarsus shorter than second (Fig. 14) 9
9. Jugal suture extending directly to antennal socket (Fig. 11); lorum not tumid
Calocoris Fieber (p. 61)
Jugal suture extending well below antennal socket (Fig. 12); lorum tumid
Phytocoris Fallen (p. 65)
Genus Neurocolpus Reuter
Robust species. Head oblique; frons elevated and separated from
clypeus by deep notch; eyes large, carina between them absent. First
antennal segment stout with flattened black hairs. Pronotum and hemely-
tra impunctate; pubescence silvery, sericeous, intermixed with simple
hairs. Legs strongly pilose.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Neurocolpus nubilus (Say)
Fig. 18; Map 2
Capsus nubilus Say, 1832:22.
Neurocolpus nubilus: Reuter, 1875^:70.
Length 7.0—7.7 mm; width 2.5-2.8 mm. Head light brown; frons
often marked with oblique black bars. Rostrum extending to hind coxae.
Pronotum yellowish brown with tufts of black, erect hairs intermixed with
golden hairs. Hemelytra mottled beige marked with dark brown.
Remarks. The species is distinguished by the flattened black hairs
on the first antennal segment (Fig. 18).
Collected on apple in Ontario and Quebec; phytophagous. Also
collected on Rhus typhina; adults may readily migrate to apple trees if
growing nearby. Caesar (1912) and Knight (1922) reported the species as
pest of apple in Ontario and New York, respectively.
The nymphs appear in early June and the adults in early July. The
adults are common in July, and gradually die out by mid-August.
Distribution. Mexico, widespread in USA; Manitoba, Ontario,
Quebec (Map 2).
15
Fig. 17. Prepops rubellicollis
16
Fig. 18. Neurocolpus nubilus
17
Genus Taedia Distant
Elongate, robust species. Head oblique; eyes large, carina between
them absent. Pronotum with black velvety spot behind each callus.
Hemelytra finely punctate, pubescence sericeous, mixed with simple
hairs. Legs long, slender.
Two species were collected. Overwinter in the egg stage. The nymphs
appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June. The adults are
common in early July, and gradually die out by the end of July.
Key to species of Taedia
1. First antennal segment and tibiae strongly pilose (Figs. 19,20,21)
scrupea (Say) (p. 18)
First antennal segment and tibiae not pilose (Fig. 22)
pallidula (McAtee) (p. 22)
Taedia scrupea (Say)
Fig. 19; Map 3
Capsus scrupeus Say, 1832; 23.
Paracalocoris scrupeus: Reuter, 1909;39.
Taedia scrupeus: Carvalho, 1952:15.
Length 6.3—7.0 mm; width 2.5—2.8 mm. Head yellow marked with
brown. First antennal segment black, strongly pilose. Pronotum orange,
calli and basal margin often brown. Scutellum orange. Hemelytra black.
Tibiae black, strongly pilose.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the strongly pilose first
antennal segments and tibiae. Many varietal names exist; in addition to
the typical form scrupea (Fig. 19) two other color varieties, bidens (Fig. 20)
and varia (Fig. 21), have been collected.
Collected on wild grape in Ontario and Quebec; phytophagous.
McAtee (1916) reported the species on wild apple and wild cherry. Blatch-
ley (1926) reported it on wild grape. Felt (1915) and Knight (1923/?)
reported the species on cultivated grape.
Distribution. Widespread in USA; Ontario, Quebec (Map 3).
18
Fig. 19. Taedia scrupea
19
Fig. 20. Taedia scrupea var. bidens
20
Fig. 2 1 . Taedia scrupea var. varia
21
Taedia pallidula (McAtee)
Fig. 22; Map 4
Paracalocoris hawleyi var. pallidulus McAtee, 1916:380.
Paracalocoris pallidulus: Knight, 19306:822.
Taedia pallidulus: Carvalho, 1959:262.
Taedia pallidula: Kelton, 1980<~:57.
Length 6.3-7.0 mm; width 2.3-2.7 mm. Head brown, clypeus
darker; frons often marked with oblique black bars. First antennal seg-
ment yellow mottled with red. Pronotum brown. Scutellum brown, longi-
tudinal median line yellow. Hemelytra brown with several small yellow
dots. Tibiae banded with red.
Remarks. The brown hemelytra with yellow spotting and the ab-
sence of pilose hairs on the first antennal segments and tibiae readily
distinguish the species (Fig. 22).
Collected on apple in Ontario and Quebec; phytophagous. Caesar
(1912) and Knight (1915) referred to Paracalocoris colon (Say) as the pest of
apple in Ontario and New York, respectively, but later Knight (1922,
19306) confirmed the identity of the species to be P. pallidula.
Map 4. Collection localities for Taedia pallidula.
Map 5. Collection localities for Capsus ater.
22
Also collected on Crataegus chrysocarpa; adults readily migrate from it
to apple if the trees are growing nearby.
Distribution. New York, North Central States, Ohio; Saskatch-
ewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec (Map 4).
Fig. 22. Taedia pallidula
23
Genus Capsus Fabricius
Black, shiny species. Head oblique; carina between eyes absent;
second antennal segment clavate. Pronotum and hemelytra punctate;
pubescence simple, appressed.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Capsus ater (Linnaeus)
Fig. 23; Map 5
Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758:447.
Capsus ater \ Fabricius, 1803:241.
Capsus flavipes Provancher, 1872:104.
Length 5.7—6.1 mm; width 2.5—3.0 mm. Head black, area between
eyes often pale; second antennal segment clavate. Pubescence on hemely-
tra simple, silvery, dense.
Remarks. Provancher (1872) first reported this European species
in North America as Capsus flavipes and later (1886) as C. ater. It is readily
distinguished by the black color and the clavate second antennal segment
(Fig. 23).
Collected on apple in Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and British
Columbia; phytophagous. The species is known to breed on grasses, but
when the grass is cut or during the dry season, the adults readily migrate
to the fruit trees and feed on the foliage or fruit.
The nymphs appear in early May and the adults in early June, often
earlier. The adults are common throughout June and early July, and die
out by the end of July.
Distribution. Alaska, eastern USA; British Columbia, Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia (Map 5).
Genus Poecilocapsus Reuter
Glabrous, green with longitudinal black lines. Head vertical, short;
carina between eyes absent. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate, shiny.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
24
Fig. 23. Capsus ater
25
Poecilocapsus lineatus (Fabricius)
Fig. 24; Map 6
Lygaeus lineatus Fabricius, 1798:451.
(lapsus quadrivittatus Say, 1832:20.
Phytocoris bellus Emmons, 1854:30.
Poecilocapsus lineatus: Reuter, 1875b: 74.
Length 7.0—7.5 mm; width 2.8-3.5 mm. Head brown; clypeus and
antennae black. Pronotum and hemelytra yellowish green with four black
longitudinal lines. Legs green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the yellowish green color
with four black lines on the dorsum (Fig. 4).
Collected on raspberry in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; on rasp-
berry and wild grape in Ontario; phytophagous. Lochhead (1903) re-
ported the species as a pest of raspberry and Gibson (1905) as a pest of
currant in Ontario.
Also collected on Mentha arvensis and many other plants, including
potato.
Map 6. Collection localities for Poecilocapsus lineatus.
Map 7. Collection localities for Lygidea mendax.
Fig. 24. Poecilocapsus lineatus
27
Nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June. The
adults are common from mid-June to mid-July, and gradually die out by
mid-August.
Distribution. Widespread in USA; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan (May 6).
Genus Lygidea Reuter
Elongate, reddish brown species. Head nearly vertical; frons smooth;
eyes nearly spherical positioned above antennal sockets; carina between
eyes distinct. Pronotum coarsely punctate, calli smooth. Hemelytra
coarsely punctate, pubescence simple, dense.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Lygidea mendax Reuter
Figs. 11, 25; Map 7
Lygidea mendax Reuter, 1909:47.
Length 6.2—6.5 mm; width 2. 1—2.3 mm. Head red or orange; clypeus
and antennae black. Pronotum coarsely punctate, orange red; narrow
basal submargin black. Scutellum red marked with black. Hemelytra
mostly brown, coastal margins orange red; pubescence golden. Ventral
surface red, hind tibia black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the coarsely punctate
pronotum and hemelytra, by the red or orange head, pronotum, and
coastal margins on the hemelytra (Fig. 25).
Collected on apple in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Ontario; phytophagous. This species was reported by Caesar (1912) as a
pest of apple in Ontario, by Brittain (1915a) as a pest of apple in Nova
Scotia; by MacNay (1962) as a pest of apple in New Brunswick; and by
Rivard and Paradis (1978) as a pest of apple in Quebec. Knight (1915,
19416) reported it as a serious pest of apple in New York, Pennsylvania,
and Michigan.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are common from mid-June to mid-July, and gradually die out
by the end of July.
Also breeds on Crataegus chrysocarpa, and the adults readily migrate
from it to apple trees if grown nearby, and damage the fruit.
Distribution. Northeastern and north central USA; Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario (Map 7).
28
•f I l -.- ft ■ ' . 1 - \ « » ' "•»•.' ;.» -
'"7 » /
YUZYK. 1980
' r I V - ' I
Fig. 25. Lygidea mendax
29
Genus Lygus Hahn
Elongate-oblong, reddish brown species. Head oblique; eyes large,
carina between them prominent. Pronotum and hemelytra coarsely punc-
tate.
Six species were collected. The adults hibernate. The adults emerge
early in the spring and commence feeding on the available plants. After
mating, the females oviposit throughout May, June, and July. The first
nymphs appear about the end of May, the majority in June and July. The
new generation adults appear about the end of June. The population is at
the maximum at the end of June when the overwintered adults, nymphs,
and new generation adults are present together, and at this time cause
maximum damage to fruit. By August most of the overwintered adults die
out; the new generation adults continue to feed until hibernation.
For other species in North America see Kelton (1975).
Key to species of Lygus
1. Frons striate or grooved (Fig. 26) nubilus Van Duzee (p. 30)
Frons smooth, not striate or grooved 2
2. Frons with submedian oblique bars (Figs. 27,28) 3
Frons without submedian oblique bars (Figs. 29—31) 4
3. Pubescence on hemelytra uniformly yellow (Fig. 27)
lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (p. 31)
Pubescence on hemelytra with patches of silvery hairs (Fig. 28)
plagiatus Uhler (p. 34)
4. Pubescence on hemelytra long and dense (Fig. 29)
hesperus Knight (p. 36)
Pubescence on hemelytra short and sparse 5
5. Anterior angles of pronotum prominent (Fig. 30) . . varius Knight (p. 39)
Anterior angles of pronotum rounded (Fig. 31) .... shulli Knight (p. 41)
Lygus nubilus Van Duzee
Fig. 26; Map 8
Lygus distinguendus var. nubilus Van Duzee, 1914:20.
Lygus nubilus Van Duzee, 1917:350.
Lygus ultranubilus Knight, 1917^:583.
Lygus epelys Hussey, 1954:196.
Length 4.3—5.5 mm; width 1.8-2.3 mm. Head yellowish brown; frons
striate. Rostrum 1.5—2.0 mm long. Pronotum yellowish brown; calli
pubescent. Mesoscutum yellowish or light reddish. Hemelytra yellowish
mottled with dark brown; pubescence long, dense.
30
Map 8. Collection localities for Lygus nubilus.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the small size, short ros-
trum, pubescent calli, and striate frons (Fig. 26).
Collected on elderberry in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and
Quebec; phytophagous.
Distribution. Western USA, Michigan, Connecticut; British Co-
lumbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick (Map 8).
Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois)
Fig. 27; Map 9
Capsus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois, 1818:187.
Lygus oblineatus Say, 1832:21.
Capsus flavonotatus Provancher, 1872:103.
Lygus lineolaris: Uhler, 1872:413.
Length 4.9-5.9 mm; width 2.3-3.0 mm. Head yellowish brown; frons
with red or black submedian oblique bars. Mesoscutum black, lateral areas
pale or reddish. Hemelytra yellowish or reddish brown; pubescence yel-
low, long, dense.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the submedian oblique
bars on the frons, by the pale or reddish lateral areas on the mesoscutum,
and by the yellow, long, and dense pubescence on the hemelytra (Fig. 27).
31
Fig. 26. Lygus nubilus
32
Fig. 27. Lygus lineolaris
33
Map 9. Collection localities for Lygus lineolaris.
This is the familiar tarnished plant bug and it is the most common
and most omnivorous pest of fruit crops encountered in Canada (Table
1 ). The literature on the pest is voluminous; for key references see Kelton
(1975).
9).
Distribution. Widespread in USA; all provinces of Canada (Map
Lygus plagiatus Uhler
Fig. 28; Map 10
Lygus plagiatus Uhler, 1895:35.
Length 5.0-5.9 mm; width 2.5-2.9 mm. Head light brown; clypeus,
lorum, and jugum marked with black; frons with submedian oblique
black bars. Mesoscutum black, lateral areas red. Hemelytra dull green
mottled with black; pubescence long and dense, yellow and white.
Remarks. The markings on the frons are similar to those of lineolar-
is, but the mottled appearance of the hemelytra readily distinguish this
species (Fig. 28).
Collected on peach and pear in Ontario; phytophagous. The species
is not as omnivorous as lineolaris and is usually found on Ambrosia trifida.
Distribution. North central and northeastern USA; Prairie Pro-
vinces, Ontario, Quebec (Map 10).
34
Table 1. Tarnished plant bug on fruit crops
B.C. Alta. Sask. Man. Ont. Que. N.B. N.S. P.E.I. Nfld.
apple
X
X
X
X
X
X
pear
X
X
X
X
peach
X
X
plum
X
X
X
X
apricot
X
X
sweet cherry
X
X
sour cherry
X
X
black cherry
X
X
X
X
pin cherry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
chokecherry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
raspberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
blackberry
X
thimbleberry
X
X
X
X
X
loganberry
X
currant
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
gooseberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
serviceberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
cranberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
viburnum
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
strawberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
blueberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
grape
X
X
X
elderberry
X
X
X
X
X
mulberry
X
35
Map 10. Collection locality for Lygus plagiatus.
Map 1 1 . Collection localities for Lygus hesperus.
Lygus hesperus Knight
Fig. 29; Map 11
Lygus elisus var. hesperus Knight, 19176:575.
Lygus hesperus: Shull, 1933:1.
Length 5.3—6.5 mm; width 2.3-2.8 mm. Head yellowish green. Meso-
scutum black. Hemelytra yellowish green, apical half of corium often red;
pubescence long, dense.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the clear frons, and by
the long and dense pubescence on the hemelytra (Fig. 29).
Collected on apple, pear, sweet cherry, plum, peach, raspberry,
blackberry, loganberry, and currant in British Columbia; phytophagous.
Twinn ( 1 939) reported it as a pest of pear and peach in British Columbia.
It also feeds on a great variety of other plants including alfalfa and
vegetable crops.
The damage to fruit crops is similar to that oilineolaris. It is perhaps
the most common species of Lygus in areas where agriculture is carried on
in British Columbia.
Distribution. Western USA; British Columbia (Map 11).
36
Fig. 28. Lygus plagiatus
37
Fig. 29. Lygus hesperus
38
Lygus van us Knight
Fig. 30; Map 12
Lygus varius Knight, 1944:473.
Length 5.6—5.8 mm; width 2.7-3.0 mm. Head light yellowish brown;
irons with black or reddish brown inverted "V". Mesoscutum black.
Hemelytra greenish brown to dark brown; pubescence short, sparse.
Remarks. This species resembles lineolaris in size and color but is
easily separated from it by the inverted "V" on the frons, by the black
mesoscutum, and by the short and sparse pubescence on the hemelytra
(Fig. 30).
Cram (in litt.) observed the adults on strawberry in British Columbia
where they caused severe fruit deformity.
Also collected on many other plants.
Distribution. Western USA; Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario,
Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia (Map 12).
Map 12. Collection locality for Lygus varius.
Map 13. Collection localities for Lygus shulli.
39
Fig. 30. Lygus varius
40
Lygus shulli Knight
Fig. 31; Map 13
Lygus shulli Knight, 1941a: 272.
Length 5.4—6.0 mm; width 2.6—3.0 mm. Head yellowish brown.
Pronotum yellowish or greenish brown. Mesoscutum black. Hemelytra
greenish yellow; middle of clavus and apical area of corium dark brown;
pubescence short, sparse.
Remarks. This species is easily confused with hesperus (Fig. 29) as
both look alike and have similar markings, but shulli has shorter and
sparser pubescence (Fig. 31).
Collected on peach, sweet cherry, blackberry, loganberry, and thimb-
leberry in British Columbia; phytophagous. Twinn (1938) probably re-
ferred to shulli as a pest of pear, and Buckell (1939) as a pest of peach.
Knight (1941a) reported the species as a pest of peach in Washington,
USA.
Also collected on many other plants.
Distribution. Western USA; Prairie Provinces, British Columbia
(Map 13).
Genus Lygocoris Reuter
Elongate-oblong, green, or green and black species. Head oblique;
eyes large, carina between them prominent. Pronotum and hemelytra
finely punctate; pubescence simple, long, dense.
Eight species were collected. Overwinter in the egg stage. The
nymphs appear in early May, sometimes earlier, and adults about the first
part of June. The adults are short-lived, and after mating, the females
oviposit in the tender new growth; by the end of July most of them die out.
Thus, most of the damage to fruit crops is done by nymphs in May and by
adults in June and early July.
For other species in North America see Kelton (1971/?).
Key to species of Lygocoris
1. Head, pleura, abdomen, and hind femora strongly marked with red; pro-
notum with dark ray behind each callus (Fig. 32); male claspers (Fig. 40)
communis (Knight) (p. 42)
Head, pleura, abdomen, and hind femora green or marked with black . . 2
2. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra mostly black (Fig. 33); male claspers
(Fig. 41) caryae (Knight) (p. 43)
41
Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra mostlv green, or with black areas (Figs.
34-37) 3
3. Ventral surface mostly green 4
Ventral surface mostly brown or black 5
4. Rostrum 1.7 mm or shorter; male claspers (Fig. 42)
inconspicuus (Knight) (p. 48)
Rostrum 1.8 mm or longer; male claspers (Fig. 43)
belfragii (Reuter) (p. 50)
5. Second antennal segment black (Fig. 36); male claspers (Fig. 44)
knighti Kelton (p. 52 )
Second antennal segment pale green, apex black (Figs. 37—39) 6
6. Rostrum shorter than 1.7 mm; male claspers (Fig. 45)
viburni (Knight) (p. 54)
Rostrum 1.7 mm or longer 7
7. Pronotum with pale green calli (Fig. 38); male claspers (Fig. 46)
omnivagus (Knight) (p. 54)
Pronotum with dark calli (Fig. 39); male claspers (Fig. 47)
quercalbae (Knight) (p. 56)
Lygocoris communis (Knight)
Figs. 32, 40; Map 14
Lygus communis Knight, 1916:346.
Neolygus communis: Knight, 19416:159.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) communis: Carvalho, 1959:141
Map 14. Collection localities for Lygocoris communis.
42
Length 5. 1-5.9 mm; width 2.2-2.6 mm. Head yellowish marked with
transverse reddish bars. Pronotum yellowish green, ray behind each
callus reddish or black. Scutellum yellowish, median line usually reddish.
Hemelytra mostly reddish brown. Ventral surface greenish, pleuron and
side of abdomen reddish. Femora marked with red.
Remarks. This species is commonly known as the pear plant bug. It
is distinguished by the reddish bars on the frons, by the reddish or black
rays behind the calli (Fig. 32), by the reddish pleuron, abdomen, and hind
femora, and by the claspers (Fig. 40).
This species is an important pest of fruit crops like the tarnished plant
bug. It was collected on all fruit crops except strawberry and blueberry
(Table 2). Brittain (19156) reported the species (cited asLygus invitus) as a
pest of apple in Nova Scotia, which Knight (1916) described as communis.
Distribution. Transcontinental in USA; British Columbia, Prairie
Provinces, Ontario, Quebec, Atlantic Provinces (Map 14).
Lygocoris caryae (Knight)
Figs. 33, 41; Map 15
Lygus (Neolygus) caryae Knight, 19176:161.
Neolygus caryae Knight, 19416:161.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) caryae: Carvalho, 1959:141.
Length 4.9—5.8 mm; width 1.9—2.4 mm. Head dark brown; second
antennal segment black. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra mostly
black.
Remarks. This species is commonly known as the hickory plant
bug. It is distinguished by the black color (Fig. 33).
Collected on peach and apricot in Ontario; phytophagous. Caesar
(1920) and Knight (19416) reported the species "catfacing" peach in
Ontario, and in New York and Ohio, respectively.
Breeds on Carya ovata; adults readily migrate to orchard trees and
feed on the fruit, especially if the fruit trees are nearby.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Quebec, Ontario (Map 15).
43
Fig. 3 1 . Lygus shulli
44
Fig. 32. Lygocoris communis
45
Table 2. Pear plant bug on fruit crops
B.C. Alta. Sask. Man. Ont. Que. N.B. N.S. P.E.I. Nfld.
apple
X
X
X
X
X
X
pear
X
X
X
X
peach
X
X
plum
X
X
X
X
apricot
X
X
sweet cherry
X
X
sour cherry
X
X
black cherry
X
X
X
X
pin cherrv
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
chokecherry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
raspberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
blackberry
X
thimbleberry
X
X
X
X
X
loganberry
X
currant
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
gooseberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
serviceberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
cranberry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
viburnum
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
grape
X
X
elderberry
X
X
X
X
X
mulberry
X
46
Fig. 33. Lygocoris caryae
47
Map 15. Collection localities for Lygocoris caryae.
Map 16. Collection localities for Lygocoris inconspicuus.
Lygocoris inconspicuus (Knight)
Figs. 34,42; Map 16
Lygus (Neolygus) inconspicuus Knight, 19176:612.
Neolygus inconspicuus Knight, 1 94 1 b: 1 6 1 .
Lygocoris (Neolygus) inconspicuus: Carvalho, 1959:143.
Length 4.2—4.8 mm; width 1 .9-2.2 mm. Head, pronotum, scutellum,
and hemelytra green; clavus and apical corium brown. Ventral surface
green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pattern on the
hemelytra (Fig. 34), and by the claspers (Fig. 42).
Collected on wild grape in Quebec; on cultivated grape in abandoned
orchards in Ontario; phytophagous.
Also collected on Fagus grandifolia.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Quebec, Ontario (Map 16).
48
Fig. 34. Lygocoris inconspicuus
49
Lygocoris belfragii (Reuter)
Figs. 35, 43; Map 17
Lygus belfragii Reuter, 18756:7 1 .
Neolygus belfragii'. Knight, 19416:162.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) belfragii: Carvalho, 1959:141.
Length 5.4—6.0 mm; width 2.2-2.5 mm. Head, pronotum, and
scutellum greenish yellow. Hemelytra yellowish green; triangular spot at
apex of corium brown. Ventral surface yellowish green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the yellowish green color,
by the brown spot at the apex of corium (Fig. 35), and by the claspers (Fig.
43).
Collected on high bush-cranberry in Manitoba; on high bush-
cranberry, currant, and gooseberry in Ontario; on currant and
gooseberry in Quebec; on raspberry in the Maritime Provinces; phy-
tophagous.
Also collected on Coyylus americana.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario,
Manitoba (Map 17).
Map 17. Collection localities for Lygocoris belfragii.
50
Fig. 35. Lygocoris belfragii
51
Ly go con's knight/ Kelton
Figs. 36, 44; Map 18
Lygocoris (Neolygus) knighti Kelton, 197 la: 1 107.
Length 5.4-5.7 mm; width 2.2-2.4 mm. Head green, apex of clypeus
black. Second antennal segment black. Pronotum green, ray behind each
callus dark brown. Scutellum green. Hemelytra pale green; clavus and
apical half of corium dark brown. Ventral surface light green, side of
abdomen black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black second anten-
nal segment, by the dark brown rays behind the calli (Fig. 36), and by the
claspers (Fig. 44).
Collected on high bush-cranberry in Manitoba and Ontario; phy-
tophagous.
Distribution. Pennsylvania; Manitoba, Ontario (Map 18).
Map 18. Collection localities for Lygocoris knighti (m), and Lygocoris viburni (m).
52
Fig. 36. Lygocoris knighti
53
Lygocoris viburni (Knight)
Figs. 37, 45; Map 18
Lygus (Neolygus) viburni Knight, 19176:609.
Neolygus viburni Knight, 19416:159.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) viburni: Carvalho, 1959:145.
Length 4.7- 5 .4 mm; width 2. 1-2.4 mm. Head yellowish brown, tip of
clypeus brown; frons often with transverse reddish lines. Pronotum yel-
lowish brown. Scutellum yellowish brown, median longitudinal line red-
dish. Hemelytra mostly dark brown. Ventral surface yellowish green, side
of abdomen dark brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the yellowish brown pro-
notum and scutellum, by the dark brown hemelytra (Fig. 37), and by the
claspers (Fig. 45).
Collected on Canada plum, wild plum, and cultivated plum in
abandoned orchards in Ontario; on Canada plum in Quebec and New
Brunswick; phytophagous.
Also collected on Viburnum lentago.
Distribution. Northeastern USA; Prince Edward Island, New
Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario (Map 18).
Lygocoris omnivagus (Knight)
Figs. 38, 46; Map 19
Lygus (Neolygus) omnivagus Knight, 19176:627.
Neolygus omnivagus Knight, 19416:163.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) omnivagus: Carvalho, 1959:114.
Length 4.9-5.6 mm; width 2.1-2.4 mm. Head yellowish, tip of
clypeus, lorum, and jugum brown. Pronotum yellowish, area behind
callus often brown. Scutellum green. Hemelytra green; clavus and apical
half of corium dark brown. Ventral surface pale green, side of abdomen
dark brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the green pronotum and
scutellum, by the pattern on the hemelytra (Fig. 38), and by the claspers
(Fig. 46).
54
Fig. 37. Lygocoris viburni
55
Map 19. Collection localities for Lygocoris omnivagus.
Collected on high bush-cranberry in Manitoba; on apple, pear,
peach, apricot, sweet cherry, sour cherry, and mulberry in Ontario; on
Allegheny serviceberry in Nova Scotia; phytophagous. Ross and Caesar
(1921) reported the species as a pest of peach in Ontario.
Also collected on Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Q. macrocarp, Tilia americana,
Carya ovata, and Juglans nigra; adults readily migrate to orchard trees and
feed on the fruit, especially if the fruit trees are nearby.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Ontario, Manitoba (Map 17).
Lygocoris quercalbae (Knight)
Figs. 39, 47; Map 20
Lygus (Neolgus) quercalbae Knight, 191 76:624.
Neolygus quercalbae Knight, 19416:160.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) quercalbae: Carvalho, 1959:145.
Length 4.7—5.7 mm; width 2.1-2.5 mm. Head light yellowish brown
marked with red. Pronotum yellowish brown marked with red, calli often
brown. Scutellum green, side margins brown. Hemelytra yellowish
brown; basal half of corium green. Ventral surface reddish brown.
Remarks. The species is commonly known as the oak bug. It is
distinguished by the red markings on the head and pronotum, by the
brown calli (Fig. 39), and by the claspers (Fig. 47).
56
Fig. 38. Lygocoris omnivagus
57
Map 20. Collection localities for Lygocoris quercalbae.
Collected on Allegheny serviceberry in Nova Scotia; on peach in
Ontario; on saskatoon in Manitoba; phytophagous. Caesar (1920) re-
ported the species on peach in Ontario.
Breeds on Quercus alba and Q. rubra ; adults readily migrate to orchard
trees and feed on the fruit, especially if the fruit trees are nearby.
Distribution. Northeastern USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario,
Manitoba (Map 20).
Genus Stenotus Jakovlev
Elongate, green and black species. Head oblique; eyes large, carina
between them absent. Hemelytra finely punctate, pubescence simple,
dense. First tarsal segment longer than second.
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius)
Fig. 48; Map 21
Lygaeus binotatus Fabricius, 1794:172.
Stenotus binotatus: Reuter, 1888:636.
Fig. 39. Lygocoris quercalbae
59
44
45
Figs. 40-47. Male claspers oi : Lygocoris spp. 40, communis; 41, caryae; 42, incon-
spicuus; 43, belfragii; 44, knighti; 45, viburni; 46, omnivagus; 47, quercalbae.
60
Map 21. Collection localities for Stenotics binotatus.
Length 5.9—6.4 mm; width 1.8—2.1 mm. Head green, clypeus and
adjacent frons black. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra green or
yellow; stripe extending from callus to base of cuneus black. Ventral
surface green.
Remarks. Osborn (1892) first listed this European species from
North America. It is distinguished by the two black stripes on the hemely-
tra (Fig. 48).
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia; on apple, pear, plum,
peach, and sweet cherry in Ontario and British Columbia.
Breeds on orchard grasses, but when the grasses are cut or during the
dry season the adults migrate to fruit trees and feed on the foliage or fruit.
The nymphs appear in May or earlier and the adults in June. By the
end of July most of the adults die out.
Distribution. Holarctic; transcontinental in USA; Nova Scotia,
Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia (Map 21).
Genus Calocoris Fieber
Robust, green species. Head oblique; carina between eyes absent.
Pronotum finely rugose. Hemelytra finely punctate; pubescence of two
types, sericeous hairs intermixed with simple black hairs. Genital segment
with stout tubercle near base of left clasper.
61
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Calocoris norvegicus (Gmelin)
Fig. 49; Map 22
Cimex norvegicus Gmelin, 1788:2176.
Calocoris bipunctatus Provancher, 1886:114.
Calocoris norvegicus: Reuter, 1888:232.
Length 7.1—7.5 mm; width 2.6-3.0 mm. Head yellowish green. First
antennal segment green, often marked with black; second segment
greenish brown. Pronotum green, spot behind each callus black.
Scutellum green. Hemelytra green; in older males clavus and corium
often tinged with reddish brown. Legs green, femora spotted with black.
Remarks. Provancher (1886) first reported this European species
from Quebec. It is distinguished by the robust size, by the two black spots
on the pronotum, and by the green or reddish brown hemelytra (Fig. 49).
The tubercle on the genital segment near the base of each clasper is
present.
Collected on strawberry in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and British Columbia; phytophagous. Pickett (1943) reported
it as a pest of strawberry in Nova Scotia.
Map 22. Collection localities for Calocoris norvegicus.
62
YU7YK. 1980
Fig. 48. Stenotus binotatus
63
1
YUZYK 1980 \
Fig. 49. Calocoris norvegicus
64
Also collected on many other plants.
The nymphs appear in June and the adults in July. By mid- August
most of the adults die out.
Distribution. Holarctic; northeastern USA; Maritime Provinces,
British Columbia (Map 22).
Genus Phytocoris Fallen
Elongate, parallel species. Head oblique, short, lora inflated; eyes
large and prominent, carina between them absent. Pronotum impunc-
tate. Pubescence of two types, appressed sericeous hairs intermixed with
simple slanting hairs. Legs long and slender.
The genus is large and contains many species that are similar in
appearance, and the females are difficult to identify. The males may be
identified with certainty by the shape of the claspers, and the females by
association with the males.
Fifteen species were collected, one introduced from Europe. Over-
winter in the egg stage. The nymphs appear in June and the adults in July.
By the end of August most of the adults die out. The species are pre-
daceous on all soft-bodied arthropods found on the host plants.
Key to species of Phytocoris
1. Wing membrane speckled with dark spots, or with pale spots (Figs. 50—55)
2
Wing membrane marbled (Figs. 56,57) 8
2. First antennal segment greatly thickened (Fig. 50); claspers (Fig. 56)
lasiomerus Reuter (p. 66)
First antennal segment slender (Fig. 51) 3
3. Yellow species; head, pronotum, and hemelytra speckled with red; scutellum
inflated, with red spot each side near apex (Fig. 51)
interspersus Uhler (p. 67)
Brown or gray species; scutellum not inflated 4
4. Clypeusjugum, and lorum yellow, without dark markings; claspers (Fig. 59)
sulcatus Knight (p. 70)
Clypeus, jugum, and lorum with dark markings 5
5. First antennal segment reddish brown with few small, pale spots; femora
mostly reddish brown (Fig. 52); claspers (Fig. 60)
corticevivens Knight (p. 70)
First antennal segments with large pale areas; femora mostly pale with large
connected brown areas (Fig. 53) 6
6. Second antennal segment with pale band at base only (Fig. 53); left clasper
(Fig. 61) gracillatus Knight (p. 71)
Second antennal segment with pale band at base and middle (Figs. 54,55)
7
65
7. Tubercle on genital segment near base of left clasper present (Fig. 62) . . .
conspurcatus Knight (p. 74)
Tubercle on genital segment near base of left clasper absent; claspers (Fig.
63) dimidiatus (Kirschbaum) (p. 76)
8. Head pale green, lorum black; pronotum black, basal margin pale green;
hemelytra mostly green (Fig. 56); right clasper (Fig. 64)
nigricollis Knight (p. 76)
Head grav or reddish brown; pronotum and hemelytra mostly brown . . .
..... 9
9. Rostrum shorter than 2.8 mm 10
Rostrum 2.8 mm or longer 12
10. Rostrum shorter than 2.4 mm, scarcely extending beyond hind coxae; right
clasper (Fig. 65) husseyi Knight (p. 77)
Rostrum longer than 2.5 mm, extending far beyond hind coxae 11
1 1 . Left clasper with large knobbed process near base; right clasper curved with
short knob near base (Fig. 66) erectus Van Duzee (p- 80)
Left clasper with short pointed process near base; right clasper straight and
forked (Fig. 67) canadensis Van Duzee (p. 81)
12. Second antennal segment mostly pale, black at apex and near base (Fig. 57);
process at base of right clasper rounded (Fig. 68)
salicis Knight (p. 81)
Second antennal segment black, pale only at base 13
13. Rostrum 2.9 mm or longer; process at base of right clasper triangular
(Fig. 69) onustus Van Duzee (p. 83)
Rostrum shorter than 2.9 mm 14
14. Process at base of right clasper short (Fig. 70) . . neglectus Knight (p. 85)
Process at base of right clasper slender (Fig. 71)
cortitectus Knight (p. 86 )
Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter
Figs. 50, 58; Map 23
Phytocoris scrupeus Provancher, nee Say, 1886:108.
Phytocoris annulicornis Osborn, 1892:123 (n. preoc).
Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter, 1909:34.
Length 7.3-8.0 mm; width 2.1-2.2 mm. Head yellowish brown
marked with red. First antennal segment thickened with long, black
bristles; second segment pale yellow, apical one fourth black. Pronotum,
scutellum, and hemelytra yellowish brown, often with reddish tinge;
simple hairs black and light brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the thickened first anten-
nal segment (Fig. 50) and by the claspers (Fig. 58). A tubercle on the
genital segment near the base of each clasper is present.
Collected on apple in Ontario and Quebec; on apple, pear, peach,
and cherry in British Columbia; predaceous on aphids. Braimah et al.
(1981) observed the species on apple in Quebec.
66
Map 23. Collection localities for Phytocoris lasiomerus.
Also collected on many herbaceous plants infested with aphids.
Distribution. Northern USA; British Columbia, Prairie Provinces,
Ontario, Quebec (Map 23).
Phytocoris interspersus Uhler
Fig. 51; Map 24
Phytocoris interspersus Uhler, 1895:32.
Length 6.4—6.8 mm; width 2.1-2.2 mm. Head yellow often marked
with red. First antennal segment slender with few red spots, second
segment yellow. Pronotum yellow, older specimens marked with red.
Scutellum yellow, inflated, spot on each side near apex red. Hemelytra
yellow irrorate with red; simple pubescence pale yellow. Legs yellow,
femora often marked with red.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the overall yellow color
often irrorate with red, and by the inflated scutellum with red dots near
apex (Fig. 51). There are no tubercles on the genital segment.
Collected on peach and sweet cherry in British Columbia; pre-
daceous on aphids.
Also collected on Shepherdia canadensis and Quercus spp. infested with
aphids.
Distribution. Western USA; British Columbia (Map 24).
67
Fig. 50. Phy toe oris lasiomerus
68
Fig. 51. Phytocoris interspersus
69
Map 24. Collection localities for Phytocoris interspersus (%), and Phytocoris sulcatus (m).
Phytocoris sulcatus Knight
Fig. 59; Map 24
Phytocoris sulcatus Knight, 1920:64.
Length 5.6-6.1 mm; width 1.8-1.9 mm. Head yellow below ventral
margins of eyes, brown above. Rostrum 2.8—3.1 mm long. First antennal
segment brown marked with yellow spots; second segment brown, base
and middle yellow. Pronotum brown, ray behind callus and usually four
spots along subbasal margin black. Scutellum brown, longitudinal median
line yellow margined with black. Hemelytra gray marked with black; apex
of corium with large gray spot; simple hairs black. Legs pale marked with
black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale lower half of the
head, and by the claspers (Fig. 59). The tubercle on the genital segment
near the base of each clasper is present.
Collected on apple, pear, peach, apricot, sweet cherry, and mulberry
in Ontario; predaceous on aphids, mites, and other small arthropods.
Distribution. Eastern and north central USA; Ontario (Map 24).
Phytocoris corticevivens Knight
Figs. 52, 60; Map 25
Phytocoris corticevivens Knight, 1920:63.
70
Length 6.6—6.8 mm; width 2.3-2.5 mm. Head brown, bar next to eye
on vertex yellow. First antennal segment long and slender, reddish
brown, with several pale spots; second segment reddish brown, base and
narrow area at middle pale. Pronotum dark brown. Scutellum dark
brown, median longitudinal line pale. Hemelytra dark brown; rounded
spot at apex of corium pale; simple hairs black. Femora mostly brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the long and slender first
antennal segment, by the overall dark brown color (Fig. 52), and by the
claspers (Fig. 60). A tubercle on the genital segment near the base of each
clasper is present.
Collected on the trunks of apple and pear in Nova Scotia, Quebec,
and Ontario, usually hiding in the crevices of the bark; predaceous on all
small arthropods.
Distribution. Texas, north central and northeastern USA; Ontar-
io, Quebec, Nova Scotia (Map 25).
Phytocoris gracillatus Knight
Figs. 53, 61; Map 25
Phytocoris gracillatus Knight, 1968:229.
Map 25. Collection localities for Phytocoris corticevivens (•), and Phytocoris gracillatus
(m).
71
YUZVK. 1980
Fig. 52. Phytocoris corticevivens
72
YUZYK I960
Fig. 53. Phytocoris gracillatus
73
Length 6.5—7.0 mm; width 1.9—2.2 mm. Head gray marked with
black. First antennal segment pale on ventral surface, dorsal surface
mottled with black; second segment dark brown with pale band at base.
Pronotum gray mottled with black. Scutellum gray, lateral margins black.
Hemelytra gray mottled with black. Legs pale marked with black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the overall mottled gray
appearance (Fig. 53) and by the left clasper (Fig. 61). There are no
tubercles on the genital segment.
Collected on apple in British Columbia; predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Rosa nutcana and Artemisia tridentata.
Distribution. Western USA; British Columbia (Map 25).
Phytocoris conspurcatus Knight
Figs. 54, 62; Map 26
Phytocoris conspurcatus Knight, 1920:61.
Length 5.7—5.9 mm; width 2.1—2.3 mm. Head gray marked with
brown and reddish brown. First antennal segment gray mottled with
black; second segment dark brown with white band at base and middle.
Pronotum gray, subbasal margin often black. Hemelytra gray marked
with brown; sericeous pubescence white and black, simple hairs black.
Map 26. Collection localities for Phytocoris conspurcatus.
YUZYK. 1980 /
Fig. 54. Phytocoris conspurcatus
75
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black and white
sericeous hairs, by the banded second antennal segment (Fig. 54), and by
the claspers (Fig. 62). A tubercle on the genital segment near the base of
each clasper is present.
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia and Quebec; on apple,
pear, and mulberry in Ontario; on apple, peach, and sweet cherry in
British Columbia; predaceous on aphids, mites, and other small arthro-
pods. Patterson and Neary (1952) reported the species on apple in Nova
Scotia. Braimah et al. ( 1 98 1 ) observed the species on apple in Quebec. The
adults often hide in the crevices on the bark.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie
Provinces, British Columbia (Map 26).
Phytocoris dimidiatus (Kirschbaum)
Figs. 55, 63; Map 27
Phytocoris dimidiatus Kirschbaum, 1855:199.
Length 6.3—6.9 mm; width 2.2—2.4 mm. Head gray marked with
brown. First antennal segment pale on ventral surface, dorsal surface
mottled with brown; second segment dark brown with white band at base
and middle. Pronotum gray, lateral and subbasal margins black. Hemely-
tra brown; apex of corium with triangular pale area; sericeous pubes-
cence silvery, simple pubescence black.
Remarks. Knight ( 1 9236) first reported this European species from
Nova Scotia. It is distinguished by the pale triangular area on the apical
corium, by the banded second antennal segment (Fig. 55), and by the
claspers (Fig. 63). There are no tubercles on the genital segment.
Collected on apple, pear, and plum in Nova Scotia; predaceous on
aphids.
Distribution. Holarctic; Nova Scotia (Map 27).
Phytocoris nigricollis Knight
Figs. 56, 64; Map 28
Phytocoris nigricollis Knight, 19236:636.
Length 5.1-5.3 mm; width 1.6-1.9 mm. Head pale green, lorum
black. First antennal segment pale on ventral surface, dorsal surface
mottled with brown; second segment dark brown with white band at base.
Pronotum black, basal margin pale green, diagonal bar each side of
76
Map 27. Collection locality for Phytocoris dimidiatus.
Map 28. Collection locality for Phytocoris nigricollis.
Map 29. Collection localities for Phytocoris husseyi.
median line at middle black. Hemelytra pale green with black markings;
pubescence silvery on pale areas, black on black areas.
Remarks. This is the only pale green species encountered. It is
distinguished by the pale green head, the black pronotum, the green
hemelytra (Fig. 56), and the right clasper (Fig. 64). A short tubercle on the
genital segment near the base of each clasper is present.
Collected on Malus pumila in Nova Scotia; predaceous on aphids and
mites.
28).
Distribution. New Hampshire, North Carolina; Nova Scotia (Map
Phytocoris husseyi Knight
Fig. 65; Map 29
Phytocoris husseyi Knight, 19236:639.
Length 5.2-5.9 mm; width 1 .9-2. 1 mm. Head gray marked with dark
brown. Rostrum 2.2—2.3 mm long. First antennal segment black with
several white spots; second segment brown with pale band at base. Pro-
notum gray, lateral and subbasal margins black. Scutellum gray, diagonal
bar each side of middle black. Hemelytra gray mottled with black;
sericeous pubescence occurs in clumps.
77
Fig. 55. Phytocoris dimidiatus
78
YUZYK 1980
Fig. 56. Phytocoris nigricollis
79
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the mottled appearance
of the hemelytra and by the straight right clasper (Fig. 65). A short
tubercle on the genital segment near the base of each clasper is present.
Collected on apple and pear in Quebec and Nova Scotia; predaceous
on aphids and mites.
Distribution. Minnesota, Ohio; Quebec (Map 29).
Phytocoris e rectus Van Duzee
Fig. 66; Map 30
Phytocoris erectus Van Duzee, 1920:345.
Length 5.4—5.8 mm; width 1.9-2.2 mm. Head yellowish brown
marked with reddish brown. Rostrum 2.5—2.7 mm long. First antennal
segment pale on ventral surface, dorsal surface mottled with brown;
second segment brown with pale band at base. Pronotum light brown, calli
and collar marked with reddish brown. Hemelytra gray shaded with
brown; apical area of corium with dark brown oblique area, and large gray
area just behind; sericeous hairs silvery, simple hairs golden.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the dark brown oblique
area on apical corium and by the right clasper (Fig. 66). A short tubercle
on the genital segment above the left clasper is present.
Map 30. Collection localities for Phytocoris erectus.
Map 3 1 . Collection localities for Phytocoris canadensis.
80
Collected on apple in Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario; predaceous
on mites and aphids. MacLellan (1972) probably observed this species
preying on codling moth larvae in Nova Scotia.
Also collected on Salix spp.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Sas-
katchewan (Map 30).
Phytocoris canadensis Van Duzee
Fig. 67; Map 31
Phytocoris canadensis Van Duzee, 1920:346.
Length 5.2—5.7 mm; width 1.8—2.0 mm. Head yellowish brown
marked with reddish brown. Rostrum 2.5—2.7 mm long. First antennal
segment pale on ventral surface, dorsal surface mottled with reddish
brown; second segment brown with pale band at base. Pronotum light
brown, collar and calli marked with orange or red; subbasal margin with
six black spots. Hemelytra gray shaded with brown; corium with markings
and pubescence similar to that of erectus.
Remarks. This species is similar to erectus in appearance but may be
separated from it by differences in the claspers (Fig. 67). The right clasper
has a long and slender basal process. There are no tubercles on the genital
segment.
Collected on choke cherry in Prince Edward Island; on apple in Nova
Scotia and Quebec; on apple, currant, and gooseberry in Ontario; pre-
daceous on aphids. MacLellan (1972) probably observed this species
preying on the codling moth eggs and larvae in Nova Scotia.
31).
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario (Map
Phytocoris salicis Knight
Figs. 57, 68; Map 32
Phytocoris salicis Knight, 1920:56.
Length 5.6-6. 1 mm; width 2. 1-2.3 mm. Head yellowish marked with
brown. Rostrum 2.6-2.8 mm long. First antennal segment pale on ventral
surface, dorsal surface mottled with brown; second segment mostly yel-
low, black near base and apex. Pronotum yellowish brown, collar and calli
marked with red, lateral margins black, subbasal margin with several
black spots. Scutellum mostly pale brown. Hemelytra light brown mottled
with black; sericeous pubescence silvery, simple hairs golden.
81
Fig. 57. Phytocoris salicis
82
Map 32. Collection localities for Phytocoris salicis.
Map 33. Collection localities for Phytocoris onustus.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the uniformly mottled
hemelytra (Fig. 57) and by the differences in the claspers (Fig. 68). A short
tubercle on the genital segment near the base of each clasper is present.
Collected on apple and pear in Quebec and Ontario; predaceous on
aphids and mites.
Also collected on Salix spp.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Quebec, Ontario, Prairie Provinces
(Map 32).
Phytocoris onustus Van Duzee
Fig. 69; Map 33
Phytocoris onustus Van Duzee, 1920:344.
Length 6.0-7.2 mm; width 2.3-2.5 mm. Head marked with black.
Rostrum 2.9-3.1 mm long. First antennal segment pale on ventral sur-
face, dorsal surface mottled with brown; second segment black with pale
band at base. Pronotum brown, subbasal margin black interrupted by pale
spaces. Hemelytra mottled with brown; inner apical area pale; sericeous
hairs in clumps, silvery; simple hairs black.
83
Figs. 58-71. Male claspers of Phytocoris spp. 58, lasiomerus; 59, sulcatus; 60, cortice-
vivens; 61, gracillatus; 62, conspurcatus; 63, dimidiatus; 64, nigricollis; 65, husseyi; 66,
erectus; 67, canadensis; 68, salicis; 69, onustus; 70, neglectus; 71, cortitectus.
84
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the long rostrum, by the
pale band at the base of second antennal segment, and by the claspers (Fig.
69). There are no tubercles on the genital segment.
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia; on apple, pear, and
mulberry in Ontario, usually on trunks hiding in crevices; predaceous on
small arthropods.
33).
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba (Map
Phytocoris neglectus Knight
Fig. 70; Map 34
Phytocoris neglectus Knight, 1920:30.
Length 6.1—6.5 mm; width 2.1—2.3 mm. Head brown marked with
darker brown. Rostrum 2.8—2.9 mm long. First antennal segment pale on
ventral surface, dorsal surface mottled with brown; second segment
brown with pale band at base. Pronotum light brown, subbasal margin
darker brown. Scutellum light brown, diagonal bar near middle brown.
Hemelytra light brown mottled with brown, oblique bar on apical corium
brown; sericeous hairs silvery, simple hairs black.
Map 34. Collection localities for Phytocoris neglectus.
85
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the oblique brown mark
on the apical corium and by the claspers (Fig. 70). There are no tubercles
on the genital segment.
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario; on
apple, pear, peach, and sweet cherry in British Columbia; predaceous on
aphids, psyllids, and mites. Knight (1941Z>) observed the species preying
on psocids in New York.
Also collected on Picea glauca and Abies balsamea.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie
Provinces, British Columbia (Map 34).
Phytocoris cortitectus Knight
Fig. 71; Map 35
Phytocoris cortitectus Knight, 1920:55.
Length 6.0—6.2 mm; width 2.0—2.2 mm. Head marked with brown.
Rostrum 2.8—3.0 mm long. First antennal segment pale on ventral sur-
face, dorsal surface mottled with brown; second segment brown with pale
band at base. Pronotum light brown, subbasal margin with four con-
nected black spots; collar marked with reddish orange. Scutellum yellow,
oblique bar each side near apex reddish brown. Hemelytra mottled with
brown; apex of corium with large opaque spot.
Map 35. Collection localities for Phytocoris cortitectus.
Map 36. Collection locality for Ceratocapsus pilosulus.
86
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the long rostrum and by
the right clasper (Fig. 71). There are no tubercles on the genital segment.
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia; predaceous on aphids
and mites.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, Ontario (Map 35).
Subfamily Orthotylinae Van Duzee
The following are the subfamily characteristics: 1) large, free parem-
podia, converging at apices; 2) small and depressed collar; and 3) flexible
ductus seminis, without membranous lobes, with or without spicula.
The subfamily is represented by 2 tribes, 9 genera, and 16 species.
Fourteen species are predaceous, two are phytophagous.
Key to tribes of Orthotylinae
1. Hemelytra without transverse bands of silvery, sericeous pubescence
Orthotylini (p. 87)
Hemelytra with transverse bands of silvery, sericeous pubescence (Fig. 88) . . .
Pilophorini (p. 116)
Tribe Orthotylini
The tribe is represented by eight genera and 13 species. Eleven
species are predaceous, two are phytophagous.
Key to genera of Orthotylini
1. Antennal segments 3 and 4 thickened, as thick as apex of second (Figs. 72—77)
Ceratocapsus Reuter (p. 88)
Antennal segments 3 and 4 thinner, thinner than apex of second segment . .
2
2. Second antennal segment greatly inflated (Fig. 78)
Heterotoma Le Peletier & Serville (p. 99)
Second antennal segment not inflated 3
3. Hemelytra with scaly pubescence (Figs. 79,88)
Heterocordylus Fieber (p. 101)
Hemelytra without scaly pubescence 4
4. Red species with black legs (Fig. 81) Lopidea Uhler (p. 104)
Green species with green legs 5
5. Head black (Fig. 82) Paraproba Distant (p. 104)
Head green or yellow 6
87
6. Pronotum with basal angles black; bases of tibiae with black spots (Fig. 83)
Blepharidopterus Kolenati (p. 106)
Pronotum all green; bases of tibiae without black spots 7
7. Delicate slender species; eyes near middle of head (Fig. 84)
Diaphnocoris Kelton (p. 1 1 0 )
Robust species; eyes adjacent to pronotum (Figs. 85,86)
Orthotylus Fieber (p. 112)
Genus Ceratocapsus Reuter
Elongate or oval, dark brown species. Head oblique, basal margin
overlaps apical portion of pronotum; eyes prominent, carina between
them distinct. Antennae stout, nearly of equal thickness throughout.
Pronotum and hemelytra smooth or punctate; pubescence simple or
simple intermixed with sericeous hairs.
The genus contains many species that are similar in appearance. The
males may be identified by the differences in the claspers and the females
by association with the males.
Six species were collected. Overwinter in the egg stage. The nymphs
appear in early June and the adults in early July. The adults are active
throughout July and August, and gradually die out by the end of August.
The species are predaceous, feeding on many small arthropods found on
the plants.
Key to species Ceratocapsus
1. Hemelytra with wide, pale transverse band (Fig. 72); claspers (Fig. 89) ....
pilosulus Knight (p. 89)
Hemelytra without pale transverse band 2
2. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate, with short and long simple hairs (Fig.
73); claspers (Fig. 90) modestus (Uhler) (p. 89)
Pronotum and hemelytra punctate, with simple and sericeous hairs 3
3. Hind femora pale yellow 4
Hind femora brown or red 5
4. Clavus mostly brown; simple hairs on hemelytra dense (Fig. 74); claspers (Fig.
91) digitulus Knight (p. 92 )
Clavus mostly pale yellow; simple hairs on hemelytra not as dense (Fig. 75);
right clasper (Fig. 92) incisus Knight (p. 94 )
5. Species dark brown, cuneus brown (Fig. 76); right clasper (Fig. 93)
pumilus (Uhler) (p. 96 )
Species reddish brown, cuneus reddish (Fig. 77); right clasper (Fig. 94) . . .
fuscinus Knight (p. 97)
88
Ceratocapsus pilosulus Knight
Figs. 72, 89; Map 36
Ceratocapsus pilosus Knight, 19236:526 (n. preoc).
Ceratocapsus pilosulus Knight, 1930a: 198.
Length 3.2—3.5 mm; width 1.3—1.6 mm. Head, pronotum, and
scutellum brown. Hemelytra brown with wide, pale transverse band.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale transverse band
on the hemelytra (Fig. 72) and by the claspers (Fig. 89).
Collected on apple, pear, apricot, plum, peach, and mulberry in
Ontario; predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Ostrya virginiana, Corylus americana, and Quercus
macrocarpa.
Distribution. Northeastern and central USA; Manitoba, Ontario
(Map 36).
Ceratocapsus modestus (Uhler)
Figs. 73, 90; Map 37
Melinna modesta Uhler, 1887:69.
Ceratocapsus modestus: Smith, 1909:161.
Length 4.3—4.5 mm; width 1.6—1.8 mm. Head light to dark brown.
Antennae brown. Pronotum and scutellum dark brown. Hemelytra light
to dark brown, impunctate; pubescence simple, with short and long hairs.
Legs brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the brown color, by the
impunctate pronotum and hemelytra, by the short and long, simple
pubescence (Fig. 73), and by the claspers (Fig. 90).
Collected on apple and pear in Quebec; on apple, pear, plum, grape,
and mulberry in Ontario; predaceous on white flies.
Also collected on Alnus rugosa, Quercus macrocarpa, Tilia americana,
Juglans nigra, Ulmus americana, and Salix spp.
Distribution. Eastern and central USA; Saskatchewan, Manitoba,
Ontario, Quebec (Map 37).
89
Fig. 72. Ceratocapsus pilosulus
90
YUZYK. i960 *>
Fig. 73. Ceratocapsus modestus
91
Map 37. Collection localities for Ceratocapsus modestus.
Map 38. Collection localities for Ceratocapsus digitulus.
Ceratocapsus digitulus Knight
Figs. 74, 91; Map 38
Ceratocapsus digitulus Knight, 19236:522.
Length 3.5-3.8 mm; width 1.6-1.8 mm. Head brown; first and
second antennal segments pale yellow, first segment with red bar near
base. Pronotum and hemelytra brown, punctate; simple pubescence
dense, intermixed with appressed sericeous hairs. Legs pale yellow.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale first and second
antennal segments, by the dense, simple pubescence on the hemelytra
(Fig. 74), and by the claspers (Fig. 91).
Collected on apple and pear in Quebec; on apple, pear, peach, and
plum in Ontario; predaceous on aphids and mites.
Also collected on Salix interior.
Distribution. Eastern and central USA; Manitoba, Ontario,
Quebec (Map 38).
92
YUZYK. 1980
Fig. 74. Ceratocapsus digitulus
93
Ceratocapsus incisus Knight
Figs. 75, 92; Map 39
Ceratocapsus incisus Knight, 19236:532.
Length 3.7-4.0 mm; width 1.51-7.0 mm. Head reddish brown. First
and second antennal segments pale yellow, first segment with red bar near
base. Pronotum and scutellum brown. Hemelytra brown; clavus and
costal margin paler; pubescence similar to that of digitulus. Legs pale
yellow.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale yellow first and
second antennal segments, by the pale yellow legs (Fig. 75), and by the
right clasper (Fig. 92). The simple pubescence on the hemelytra is not as
dense as in digitulus.
Collected on apple, pear, peach, apricot, and wild and cultivated
grape in Ontario; predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Alnus rugosa, Carpinus caroliniana, and Salix spp.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Ontario (Map 39).
Cc
Map 39. Collection locality for Ceratocapsus incisus.
Map 40. Collection localities for Ceratocapsus pumilus.
94
Fig. 75. Ceratocapsus incisus
95
Ceratocapsus pumilus (Uhler)
Figs. 76, 93; Map 40
Melinna pumila Uhler, 1887:69.
Ceratocapsus pumilus: Van Duzee, 1909:182.
YUZ.YK. 1960
Fig. 76. Ceratocapsus pumilus
96
Length 3.7—3.9 mm; width 1.5-1.7 mm. Head brown; first and
second antennal segments light brown, first segment with red bar near
base. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra brown; pubescence similar to
that of incisus. Legs light brown, apical half of hind femur often dark
brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the brown color (Fig. 76)
and by the right clasper (Fig. 93).
Collected on raspberry in Prince Edward Island; on apple and pear in
Quebec; on apple, pear, peach, and wild grape in Ontario; predaceous on
aphids and mites.
Also collected on Betula nigra and Salix spp.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontar-
io (Map 40).
Ceratocapsus fuscinus Knight
Figs. 77, 94; Map 41
Ceratocapsus fuscinus Knight, 19236:531.
Length 3.6—3.7 mm; width 1.5-1.6 mm. Head yellow; first antennal
segment yellow with red bar near base, second segment yellow. Pronotum
light brown, basal margin yellow. Hemelytra light brown, cuneus tinged
with red; pubescence similar to that of pumilus. Legs yellow, apical half of
hind femur reddish.
Map 41. Collection localities for Ceratocapsus fuscinus (m), and Heterotoma meriopter-
um (%).
97
Fig. 77. Ceratocapsus fuscinus
98
Remarks. This species is similar to pumilus in appearance but is
more yellowish, with reddish hind femur and reddish cuneus (Fig. 77).
The right clasper (Fig. 94) is also different.
Collected on apple, pear, and wild grape in Quebec; on apple, pear,
peach, apricot, and plum in Ontario; predaceous on aphids and mites.
Also collected on Salix spp.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Ontario, Quebec (Map 41).
Genus Heterotoma Le Peletier & Serville
Elongate, black species. Head oblique; eyes spherical, carina between
them distinct. Second antennal segment greatly inflated. Pronotum and
hemelytra faintly rugose; pubescence simple and sericeous.
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Heterotoma meriopterum (Scopoli)
Fig. 78; Map 41
Cimex meriopterum Scopoli, 1763:131.
Heterotoma meriopterum;. Fieber, 1861:290.
Length 5.0—5.2 mm; width 1.4—1.5 mm. Antennae black, second
segment greatly inflated. Ventral surface black, legs pale green.
Remarks. Knight (191 la) first reported this European species from
New York, and Downes (1957) from British Columbia. It is distinguished
by the black color and by the greatly inflated second antennal segment
(Fig. 78).
Collected on raspberry in Nova Scotia; on apple and raspberry in
British Columbia; predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Corylus maxima and Cytisus scoparius.
The nymphs appear in June and the adults in July. The adults are
active throughout August and gradually die out in September.
Distribution. New York; Nova Scotia, British Columbia (Map 4 1 ).
99
Fig. 78. Heterotoma meriopterum
100
Genus Heterocordylus Fieber
Robust, black or black and red species. Head oblique, base of head
sharply truncate; eyes large, carina between them distinct. Pronotum
rugose, side margins carinate. Scutellum rugose. Hemelytra impunctate;
pubescence simple and scalelike.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Heterocordylus malinus Reuter
Figs. 79, 80; Map 42
Heterocordylus malinus Reuter, 1909:71.
Length 6.3—7.0 mm; width 2.1—2.3 mm. Head black, spot on vertex
next to eye often red; antennae black. Pronotum black in males, mostly
red in females. Scutellum black. Hemelytra and abdomen mostly black in
males, black and red in females. Legs black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the large size, by the
black (Fig. 79) or black and red color (Fig. 80), and by the white scalelike
pubescence.
Map 42. Collection localities for Heterocordylus malinus.
Map 43. Collection localities for Lopidea dakota.
Map 44. Collection localities for Paraproba capitata.
101
YUZYK. I9AO
Fig. 79. Heterocordylus malinus, S
Collected on apple in Ontario and Quebec; phytophagous. Caesar
(1912) and Knight (1918) reported the species as a pest of apple in
Ontario and New York, respectively.
The nymphs appear about the first of May and the adults in early
June. By mid-July most of the adults die out.
102
YUZYK. 19SO
Fig. 80. Heterocordyliis malinus, 9
Also breeds on Crataegus chrysocarpa; adults readily migrate to apple
trees and feed on the fruit, especially if the apple trees are nearby.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Quebec, Ontario (Map 42).
03
Genus Lopidea Uhler
Elongate, red species. Head vertical; eyes spherical, carina between
them distinct. Antennae black. Hemelytra impunctate; pubescence sim-
ple, black. Legs black.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Lopidea dakota Knight
Figs. 81, 95; Map 43
Lopidea dakota Knight, 1923a:67.
Length 6.3—6.5 mm; width 2.3—2.5 mm. Head red, frons often black.
Pronotum red. Scutellum black. Hemelytra red; narrow inner margin of
clavus and wing membrane black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the large size, by the red
and black color (Fig. 81), and by the right clasper (Fig. 95).
Collected on raspberry in Manitoba; phytophagous. King and Glen
(1936) and Twinn (1939) reported the species damaging raspberry in
Saskatchewan and Alberta, respectively; Glen and King (1938) and Arne-
son et al. ( 1 939) reported it damaging currant and strawberry, respective-
ly, in Saskatchewan.
The nymphs appear in early June and the adults in early July. The
adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out by
early September.
Also breeds on Caragana arborescens.
Distribution. North central USA; British Columbia, Prairie Pro-
vinces (Map 43).
Genus Pa rap rob a Distant
Slender, pale green delicate species. Head ventrical; eyes large, cari-
na between them absent. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate; pubesc-
ence simple.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
104
Fig. 8 1 . Lopidea dakota
105
Paraproba capitata (Van Duzee)
Fig. 82; Map 44
Diaphnidia capitata Van Duzee, 1912:490.
Diaphnocoris capitata: Kelton, 1961:566.
Paraproba capitata'. Kelton, 1965:1028.
Length 3.0—3.5 mm; width 0.9—1.1 mm. Head black; first antennal
segment black. Pronotum and hemelytra light green. Legs green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black head (Fig. 82).
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia and Quebec; on apple in
New Brunswick; on apple, pear, and mulberry in Ontario; predaceous on
mites, aphids, and leafhoppers. Gilliatt (1935) reported the species
preying on the red mite in Nova Scotia.
The nymphs appear about the end of May and the adults at the end of
June. The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually
die out by early September.
Also collected on Zanthoxylum americanum, Ulmus americana, Corylus
americana, Carya spp., Fraxinus spp., Crataegus spp., Hamamelis virginiana,
and Robinia pseudoacacia.
Distribution. Northeastern and north central USA; Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario (Map 44).
Genus Blepharidopterus Kolenati
Elongate, green species. Head oblique; eyes large, carina between
them distinct. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate; pubescence simple,
black.
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Blepharidopterus angulatus Fallen
Fig. 83; Map 45
Lygaeus angulatus Fallen, 1807:76.
Blepharidopterus angulatus: Kirkaldy, 1906:128.
Length 5.1-5.3 mm; width 1.4-1.5 mm. Head yellowish green. First
antennal segment yellowish green, often with a longitudinal black line.
106
Map 45. Collection localities for Blepharidopterus angulatus.
Pronotum green, basal angles black. Hemelytra green. Legs yellowish
green, bases of tibiae with black spots.
Remarks. Knight (1921/?) first reported this European species from
Nova Scotia, and Downes (1927) from British Columbia. It is distin-
guished by the black basal angles on the pronotum and by the black spot at
the base of each tibia (Fig. 92).
Collected on apple and plum in Prince Edward Island; on apple,
pear, and plum in Nova Scotia; on apple, pear, peach, sweet cherry, and
sour cherry in British Columbia; predaceous on aphids, psyllids, mites,
and other small arthropods. Lord (1971) reported the species preying on
the eggs of the red mite, and codling moth eggs and young larvae in Nova
Scotia.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out
by early September.
Also collected on Alnus rugosa, Betula papyrifora, Fagus sylvatica, Frax-
inus excelsior, Acer saccharum, Tilia cor data, and Ulmus americana.
Distribution. Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, British Co-
lumbia (Map 45).
107
YUZYK 1960
Fig. 82. Paraproba capitata
108
VUZ.YK. 1980
Fig. 83. Blepharidopterus angulatus
109
Genus Diaphnocoris Kelton
Slender, pale green species. Head oblique; eyes large, carina between
them indistinct. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate; pubescence sim-
ple. Legs green.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque)
Fig. 84; Map 46
Melacocoris provancheri Burque, in Provancher, 1887:144.
Diaphnocoris provancheri: Kelton, 1980^:343.
Length 4.2—4.7 mm; width 1.4—1.5 mm. Head pale green; eyes situ-
ated forward from posterior margin of head. Second antennal segment
green or fuscous. Pronotum and hemelytra pale green. Legs pale green,
hind tibia often fuscous.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the position of the eyes
on the head (Fig. 84).
Map 46. Collection localities for Diaphnocoris provancheri.
110
Fig. 84. Diaphnocoris provancheri
111
Collected on apple in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and
Quebec; on apple, pear, and plum in Nova Scotia; on apple, pear, peach,
sour cherry, sweet cherry, plum, apricot, and mulberry in Ontario; on
apple, pear, peach, and sweet cherry in British Columbia; predaceous on
mites, aphids, and other small arthropods. Gilliatt (1930) reported the
species preying on the red mite, MacPhee and Sanford (1954) reported
the species preying on mites and aphids, MacLellan (1972) reported the
species preying on codling moth eggs and young larvae in Nova Scotia,
and McMullen and Jong ( 1 967) reported the species preying on mites and
pear psylla in British Columbia.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out
by the middle of September.
Also collected on Acer spp., Alnus rugosa, Betula papyrifora, Corylus
americana, Crataegus spp., Quercus spp., and Shepherdia canadensis.
Distribution. Widespread in USA; transcontinental in Canada
(Map 46).
Genus Orthoty/us Fieber
Elongate, green species. Head oblique, carina between eyes distinct.
Pronotum smooth. Hemelytra impunctate; pubescence simple.
Two species, introduced from Europe, were collected. Overwinter in
the egg stage. The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about
mid-June. The adults are active throughout July and August, and gra-
dually die out by early September.
Key to species of Orthoty/us
First antennal segment uniformly pale green, longer than width of vertex on
head; segment with many long bristles (Fig. 86); right claspers (Fig. 96)
viridinervis (Kirschbaum) (p. 113)
First antennal segment with black on ventral surface, shorter than width of
vertex on head, segment with only few long bristles (Fig. 87); left clasper
(Fig. 97) nassatus (Fabricius) (p. 1 15)
112
Orthotylus viridinervis (Kirschbaum)
Figs. 85, 96; Map 47
Capsus viridinervis Kirschbaum, 1855:238.
Orthotylus viridinervis: Fieber, 1861:290.
Length 5.6-5.8 mm; width 1.7-1.9 mm. Head green; first and
second antennal segments green, terminal segments light brown. Ros-
trum 1 .6—1.7 mm long, extending to tips of middle coxae. Pronotum and
hemelytra green. Veins on wing membrane green. Legs green.
Remarks. Henry and Wheeler (1979) first reported this European
species from Ontario, and Kelton (1982) from Nova Scotia. It is distin-
guished by the uniformly green color, by the long first antennal segment
with many long bristles (Fig. 85), and by the right clasper (Fig. 96).
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia; on apple in Ontario;
predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Ulmus americana, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior,
and Tilia cordata.
Distribution. Europe; Nova Scotia, Ontario (Map 47).
Map 47. Collection localities for Orthotylus viridinervis.
Map 48. Collection localities for Orthotylus nassatus.
Map 49. Collection localities for Pilophorus perplexus.
113
Fig. 85. Orthotylus viridinervis
114
Orthotylus nassatus (Fabricius)
Figs. 86, 97; Map 48
Cimex nassatus Fabricius, 1787:304.
Orthotylus nassatus: Fieber, 1861:289.
Fig. 86. Orthotylus nassatus
115
Length 4.7-5.0 mm; width 1 .5-1 .6 mm. Head green; first and second
antennal segments green, first segment black on ventral surface, terminal
segments light brown. Rostrum 1.2—1.3 mm long, extending to apex of
mesosternum. Pronotum and hemelytra green. Veins on wing membrane
green.
Remarks. Henry (1977) first reported this European species from
Pennsylvania, and Kelton (1982) from Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia. It is distinguished by the short first antennal segment with few long
bristles (Fig. 86), by the black ventral surface on the first antennal seg-
ment, and by the left clasper (Fig. 97).
Collected on pear in Nova Scotia; predaceous on pear psylla and
aphids.
Also collected on Acer plantanoides, Tilia cordata, and Juglans cinerea.
Distribution. Europe; Pennsylvania; Prince Edward Island, Nova
Scotia (Map 48).
Tribe Pilophorini
The tribe is represented by one genus and two species.
Genus Pilophorus Hahn
Antlike, black or brown species. Head oblique, base of head convex,
overlapping apex of pronotum. Scutellum tumid with clumps of sericeous
pubescence. Hemelytra banded with transverse bars of sericeous pubesc-
ence.
Two species, introduced from Europe, were collected. Overwinter in
the egg stage.
The nymphs appear about mid-June and the adults about mid-July.
The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out
by mid-September.
Key to species of Pilophorus
1. Head, pronotum, and hemelytra without pilose hairs, only short appressed
hairs (Fig. 87) perplexus Douglas 8c Scott (p. 117)
Head, pronotum, and hemelytra with pilose hairs, in addition to short hairs
(Fig. 88) confusus (Kirschbaum) (p. 1 18)
116
Pilophorus perplexus Douglas & Scott
Fig. 87; Map 49
Pilophorus perplexus Douglas and Scott, 1875:101.
Fig. 87. Pilophorus perplexus
117
Length 4.2- 4 .4 mm; width 1.4—1.5 mm. Head between eyes black,
below eyes brown. Pronotum and scutellum black. Hemelytra pruinose,
mostly brown, short; apex of corium with row of long setae; wing mem-
brane with large basal area brown. Ventral surface black; legs brown.
Remarks. Knight ( 1 923b) first reported this European species from
eastern United States. It is distinguished by the continuous silvery band
on the hemelytra, not dislocated at the claval sutures (Fig. 87).
Collected on apple, plum, and pear in Nova Scotia; on apple in
Quebec and Ontario; predaceous on mites, aphids, and other small
arthropods. Knight (1924) reported the species preying on aphids, Lord
(1949) observed the species preying on mites, and MacPhee and Sanford
(1954) reported the species preying on mites and codling moth larvae in
Nova Scotia.
Distribution. Connecticut, New York; Nova Scotia, Quebec,
Ontario (Map 49).
Pi/op ho rus confusus (Kirschbaum)
Fig. 88; Map 50
Capsus confusus Kirschbaum, 1855:293.
Pilophorus confusus: Reuter, 1875«:86.
Map 50. Collection locality for Pilophorus confusus.
Map 5 1 . Collection localities for Rhinocapsus vanduzeei.
118
YUZVK. 1980
Fig. 88. Pilophorus confusus
119
Length 3.5—3.7 mm; width 1.4—1.5 mm. Head between eyes black,
below eyes brown. Pronotum and scutellum black. Hemelytra brown;
cuneus and wing membrane reduced; pubescence pilose, intermixed with
short, sericeous hairs.
Remarks. Kelton (1982) first reported this European species from
Nova Scotia. It is distinguished by the pilose pubescence and by the partly
reduced hemelytra (Fig. 88).
Collected on plum in Nova Scotia; predaceous on aphids.
Distribution. Europe; Nova Scotia (Map 50).
Subfamily Phylinae Douglas & Scott
The following are the subfamily characteristics: 1) straight hairlike
parempodia between the claws; 2) pulvilli present; 3) male genitalia with
rigid ductus seminis, with or without sclerites; and 4) distinctive left
clasper.
The subfamily is represented by 1 tribe, Phylini, 7 genera, and 10
species. Three species are predaceous, seven are both predaceous and
phytophagous.
Key to genera of Phylinae
1. Hemelytra with one type of pubescence, simple hairs only (Fig. 98) 2
Hemelytra with two types of pubescence, simple and sericeous hairs
(Fig. 104) 4
2. Hind tibia without black spots at bases of spines; dark reddish species (Fig. 98)
Rhinocapsus Uhler (p. 122)
Hind tibia with black spots at bases of spines; black green and black, or green
species (Figs. 99—103) Plagiognathus Fieber (p. 122)
4. Second antennal segment strongly swollen (Fig. 104)
Atractotomus Fieber (p. 1 34 )
Second antennal segment linear 5
5. Hemelytra with white scalelike pubescence intermixed with simple hairs (Fig.
105) Lepidopsallus Knight (p. 1 36)
Hemelytra with sericeous hairs intermixed with simple hairs 6
6. Small species 2.8 mm long; hemelytra yellowish green (Fig. 106)
Campylomma Reuter (p. 138)
Larger species 3.6 mm long; hemelytra spotted with brown (Fig. 107)
Psallus Fieber (p. 140)
120
Figs. 89—97. Male claspers of Orthotylini. 89, Ceratocapsus pilosulus; 90, Cerato-
capsus modestus; 91, Ceratocapsus digitulus; 92, Ceratocapsus incisus; 93, Ceratocapsus
pumilus; 94, Ceratocapsus fuscinus; 95, Lopidea dakota; 96, Orthotylus viridinervis; 97,
Orthotylus nassatus.
121
Genus Rhinocapsus Uhler
Elongate-oval, reddish brown species. Head oblique. Pronotum and
hemelytra impunctate and shiny; pubescence simple, brown to black.
Tibiae without dark spots.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Rhinocapsus vanduzeei Uhler
Fig. 98; Map 51
Rhinocapsus vanduzeei Uhler, 1890:82.
Length 3.6—3.8 mm; width 1.4-1.6 mm. Head reddish brown,
clypeus and surrounding area black. First antennal segment pale, second
segment pale on basal half, black on apical half. Hind femur spotted with
black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the shiny appearance, by
the black clypeus, and by the spotted hind femur (Fig. 98).
Collected on raspberry in Quebec and Ontario; predaceous on
aphids.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are active throughout July, and gradually die out by the end of
August.
Also collected on Kalmia polifolia.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba (Map 51).
Genus Plagiognathus Fieber
Elongate-oval, black or green, or black and green species. Head
oblique. Pronotum and hemelytra shiny, pubescence simple, pale or
black. Tibial spines with black spots at bases.
Five species were collected, one introduced from Europe. Overwin-
ter in the egg stage.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults mid-June. The
adults are active throughout the summer, and gradually die out by the
middle of September.
122
*%
YUZYK 1981
Fig. 98. Rhinocapsus vanduzeei
123
Key to species of Plagiognathus
1. Hemelytra black; femora mostly black (Fig. 99) .... politus Uhler (p. 124)
Hemelvtra pale green, or pale green and black; femora mostly pale green
2
2. Hemelytra pale green 3
Hemelvtra pale green and black 4
3. Femora with longitudinal black lines on anterior surface; pubescence on dor-
sum pale (Fig. 100) ribesi Kelton (p. 126)
Femora without black lines but with black spots; pubescence on dorsum black
(Fig. 101) chrysanthemi (Wolff) (p. 126)
4. Cuneus pale green and black (Fig. 100) obscurus Uhler (p. 128)
Cuneus pale green (Fig. 101) alboradialis Knight (p. 132)
Plagiognathus politus Uhler
Fig. 99; Map 52
Plagiognathus politus Uhler, 1895:52.
Length 3.5—3.8 mm; width 1.3-1.5 mm. Head black, vertex often
pale; first and second antennal segments black. Pronotum, scutellum, and
hemelytra black; base of cuneus pale green. Ventral surface black; femora
black, apices pale green; tibiae pale green, spotted with black.
Map 52. Collection localities for Plagiognathus politus (%), and Plagiognathus ribesi
(m).
124
Fig. 99. Plagiognathus politus
125
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black second anten-
nal segments, by the black hemelytra, and by the black femora with pale
green apices (Fig. 99).
Collected on apple and raspberry in Quebec; on apple, pear, peach,
mulberry, and raspberry in Ontario; phytophagous, and predaceous on
aphids and mites. Knight (19236) reported the species as phytophagous
on apple in New York.
Also collected on many other plants.
Distribution. Widespread in USA; Quebec, Ontario (Map 52).
Plagiognathus ribesi Kelton
Fig. 100; Map 52
Plagiognathus ribesi Kelton, 1982:169.
Length 2.8-3.2 mm; width 1.2-1.4 mm. Head yellowish green. First
antennal segment pale green, longitudinal line black; second segment
pale green, base black. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra pale green;
wing membrane with short transverse black bar at apex of cuneus. Legs
pale green, each femur with longitudinal black stripe on anterior surface,
hind femur with stripe on posterior surface.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale green color, by
the black lines on the first antennal segments and femora, and by the
transverse black bar on the wing membrane (Fig. 100).
Collected on currant and gooseberry in British Columbia; pre-
daceous on aphids and psyllids.
The nymphs appear about the first part of May and the adults about
the first part of June. The adults are active throughout June, July, and
August, and gradually die out by early September.
Also collected on Purshia tridentata and Shepherdia canadensis.
Distribution. Colorado; British Columbia (Map 52).
Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff)
Fig. 101; Map 53
Miris chrysanthemi Wolff, 1804:157.
Plagiognathus chrysanthemi: Reuter, 1883:452.
126
Fig. 100. Plagiognathus ribesi
127
Map 53. Collection localities for Plagiognathus chrysanthemi.
Length 3.6—4.2 mm; width 1 .3—1.5 mm. Head yellowish brown, tip of
clypeus black. First antennal segment green, base and apex black. Pro-
notum, scutellum, and hemelytra pale green; pubescence black. Legs pale
green, femora and tibiae spotted with black.
Remarks. Knight ( 1 92 1 b) first reported this European species from
New York, and Tonks (1952) reported it from British Columbia. It is
distinguished by the pale green color, by the black pubescence on the
dorsum, by the black spotting on the legs, and by the black tip on the
clypeus (Fig. 101).
Collected on raspberry, thimbleberry, loganberry, and blackberry in
British Columbia; on raspberry and thimbleberry in Ontario, Quebec,
New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; on raspberry in Prince Edward Island
and Newfoundland; and on strawberry in Newfoundland; phytopha-
gous, and predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Chrysanthemum spp., and many other herbaceous
plants.
Distribution. Northeastern USA; Atlantic Provinces, Quebec,
Ontario, British Columbia (Map 53).
Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler
Fig. 102; Map 54
Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler, 1872:418.
Lygus brunneus Provancher, 1872:104.
128
YUZYK. 1981
Fig. 101. Plagiognathus chrysanthemi
129
Map 54. Collection localities for Plagiognathus obscurus.
Length 4.2—4.6 mm; width 1.5—1.6 mm. Head black, vertex often
yellowish; first and second antennal segments black. Pronotum black,
often pale yellow at middle. Scutellum black, side margins often pale
yellow. Hemelytra black; outer margin of clavus, basal half of corium, and
basal half of cuneus pale green. Ventral surface black; legs pale green,
hind femur often fuscous.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale green areas on
the hemelytra (Fig. 102). It is widely distributed in Canada and is both
harmful and beneficial.
Collected on raspberry in Newfoundland; on apple and raspberry in
Prince Edward Island; on apple, plum, and raspberry in Nova Scotia; on
apple, raspberry, and blueberry in New Brunswick; on apple, raspberry,
and thimbleberry in Quebec and Ontario; on raspberry and saskatoon in
the Prairie Provinces; and on raspberry, thimbleberry, blackberry, logan-
berry, and apple in British Columbia; phytophagous and predaceous on
aphids and mites. Gilliatt (1935) observed the species on apple preying on
aphids and mites; MacPhee and Sanford (1954) reported the species
preying on mites, aphids, and codling moth eggs and larvae.
Also collected on a great variety of herbaceous plants.
Distribution. Widespread in USA; British Columbia, Prairie Pro-
vinces, Ontario, Quebec, Atlantic Provinces (Map 54).
130
Fig. 102. Plagiognathas obscurus
131
Plagiognathus alboradialis Knight
Fig. 103; Map 55
Plagiog?iathus alboradialis Knight, 19236:439.
Length 4.5—4.9 mm; width 1.5-1.7 mm. Head black, vertex pale
green. First and second antennal segments black. Pronotum black, me-
dian area often pale. Scutellum black, side margins often pale green.
Hemelytra black, base of corium and all cuneus pale green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the elongate form and
uniformly pale green cuneus (Fig. 103).
Collected on raspberry in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and
Prairie Provinces; phytophagous, and predaceous on aphids.
Also collected on Salix spp.
Distribution. Northeastern USA; New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontar-
io, Prairie Provinces (Map 55).
Map 55. Collection localities for Plagiognathus alboradialis.
132
Fig. 103. Plagiognathus alboradialis
133
Genus Atractotomus Fieber
Oval, black species. Head oblique, base truncate. Pronotum and
hemelytra finely rugose; pubescence scalelike, intermixed with black or
golden simple hairs.
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Atractotomus mali (Meyer)
Fig. 104; Map 56
Capsus mali Meyer, 1843:63.
Atractotomus mali: Fieber, 1861:296.
Length 3.0—3.5 mm; width 1.4—1.6. First and second antennal seg-
ments black, second segment greatly inflated. Dorsum and ventral surface
with white, scalelike hairs. Femora black, tibiae pale green with black
spines.
Remarks. Knight (1924) first reported this European species from
Nova Scotia. It is distinguished by the inflated second antennal segment
and by the scalelike pubescence (Fig. 104).
Map 56. Collection localities for Atractotomus mali.
Map 57. Collection localities for Lepidopsallus minisculus.
134
Fig. 104. Atractotomus mali
135
Collected on apple in Prince Edward Island; on apple, pear, and
plum in Nova Scotia; phytophagous, and predaceous on aphids and
mites. Lord (1949) and MacPhee and Sanford (1954, 1956) referred to
this species as Criocoris saliens and considered it as phytophagous and
predaceous.
The nymphs appear about the end of May and the adults about the
end of June. The adults are active throughout July and August, and
gradually die out by the end of August.
Also collected on Crataegus spp.
Distribution. Europe; Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia (Map
56.)
Genus Lepidopsallus Knight
Ovate, black species. Head oblique, base truncate. Pronotum and
hemelytra finely rugose; pubescence scaly, intermixed with simple black
hairs. Legs black.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Lepidopsallus minisculus Knight
Fig. 105; Map 57
Lepidopsallus minisculus Knight, 1923^:472.
Length 2.6—2.8 mm; width 1.3—1.4 mm. Second antennal segment
shorter than head width. Dorsal and ventral surface black.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the short second anten-
nal segment and by the scaly pubescence (Fig. 105).
Collected on apple in Quebec and Ontario; predaceous on mites and
aphids. Knight (1923&) observed the species on apple in New York.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out
by the end of August.
Also collected on Crataegus chrysocarpa.
Distribution. New York; Quebec, Ontario (Map 57).
136
Fig. 105. Lepidopsallus minisculus
137
Genus Campylomma Reuter
Small, pale yellowish green species. Head nearly vertical, base trun-
cate. Pronotum and hemelytra finely punctate; pubescence sericeous,
intermixed with simple hairs. Ventral surface black; legs green, spotted
with black-
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Campylomma verba sci (Meyer)
Fig. 106; Map 58
Capsus verbasci Meyer, 1843; 70.
Campylomma verbasci'. Reuter, 1878;53.
Length 2.6—2.8 mm; width 1.1—1.3 mm. Head yellow, clypeus often
black. Antennae green, apex of first segment and base of second segment
black; second segment shorter than head width. Pronotum and hemelytra
yellowish green. Legs pale green, spotted with black.
Remarks. Uhler (1886) first recorded this European species from
eastern United States, and Provancher (1887) from Ontario. It is distin-
guished by the small size, by the markings on the antennae, and by the
spotting on the legs (Fig. 106).
Map 58. Collection localities for Campylomma verbasci.
138
Fig. 106. Campylomma verbasci
139
Collected on apple in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec; on
apple, pear, and peach in Ontario; on apple and pear in British Columbia;
phytophagous, and predaceous on aphids, psyllids, and mites. Ross and
Caesar (1919) first observed the species on apple in Ontario; Gilliatt
(1930) observed the species on apple in Nova Scotia; Tonks (1952),
McMullen and Jong ( 1 967), and Madsen and Morgan (1975) collected the
species in British Columbia on loganberry, pear, and grape, respectively.
Gilliatt (1935) reported that there may be two generations per year.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out
in September.
Also breeds on Verbascum thapsus and many other herbaceous plants.
Distribution. Northeastern and northwestern USA; Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia (Map 58).
Genus Psallus Fieber
Elongate-oval, green species. Head oblique, second antennal seg-
ment longer than head width. Pronotum and hemelytra impunctate;
pubescence sericeous, intermixed with simple hairs. Femora spotted with
black, tibiae with black spots at bases of spines.
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Psallus sa Heel I us (Herrich-Schaeffer)
Fig. 107; Map 59
Capsus salicellus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1841:47.
Psallus salicellus: Fieber, 1861:305.
Coniortodes salicellus: Sanford and Herbert, 1966:997.
Psallus salicellus: Kelton, 1982:172.
Length 3.6-3.9 mm; width 1.3-1.4 mm. Head yellow; first antennal
segment pale green, spot at base and apex fuscous; second segment pale
green. Pronotum and scutellum yellowish green, often spotted with fus-
cous. Hemelytra pale green; clavus and corium spotted with fuscous;
inner margin of cuneus often with red mark at middle. Ventral surface
fuscous, hind femur often heavily infuscated.
Remarks. MacPhee and Sanford (1961) first reported this Euro-
pean species from Nova Scotia as Psallus sp., and Sanford and Herbert
(1966) as Coniortodes salicellus. Kelton (1982) also reported it from Prince
Edward Island and British Columbia, and referred to it as Psallus salicellus.
140
Map 59. Collection localities for Psallus salicellus (%), and Hyaliodes vitripennis (m).
It is distinguished by the pale green color and by the fuscous spotting on
the pronotum and hemelytra (Fig. 107).
Collected on raspberry in Prince Edward Island; on apple in Nova
Scotia; on raspberry and thimbleberry in British Columbia; predaceous
on aphids. Sanford and Herbert (1966) observed the species preying on
mites in Nova Scotia.
Also collected on Corylus avellana.
The nymphs appear about mid-June and the adults about mid-July.
The adults are active throughout August, and gradually die out in
September.
Distribution. Europe; Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, British
Columbia (Map 59).
Subfamily Deraeocorinae Douglas & Scott
The following are the subfamily characteristics: 1) straight hairlike
parempodia between the claws; 2) pulvilli absent; 3) pronotal collar dis-
tinct; and 4) pronotum deeply punctate.
The subfamily is represented by 2 tribes, 3 genera, and 10 species.
The species are predaceous.
141
Fig. 107. Psallus salicellus
142
Key to tribes of Deraeocorinae
1. Eyes situated forward from posterior margin of head; wing membrane with
one cell (Fig. 15); slender species (Figs. 108,109)
Hyaliodini (p. 143)
Eyes situated near posterior margin of head; wing membrane with two cells
(Fig. 16); broad species (Fig. 110) Deraeocorini (p. 147)
Tribe Hyaliodini
Two species belonging to the genus Hyaliodes were collected.
Genus Hyaliodes Reuter
Elongate, shiny species. Head vertical, neck distinct; eyes large, cari-
na between them absent. Pronotum deeply punctate, hemelytra finely
punctate; wing membrane with one cell. Legs long, slender.
Two species were collected. Overwinter in the egg stage.
The nymphs appear about the first part of June and the adults about
the first part of July. The adults are active throughout July and August,
and gradually die out by mid-September.
Key to species of Hyaliodes
1. Collar and calli pale green; scutellum mostly pale green; apical margin of
corium black (Fig. 108) vitripennis (Say) (p. 143)
Collar and calli black; scutellum black at base; apical margin of corium red (Fig.
109) harti Knight (p. 145)
Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say)
Figs. 15, 108; Map 59
Capsus vitripennis Say, 1832:24.
Hyaliodes vitripennis: Riley, 1870:137.
Length 4.6— 4.9 mm; width 1.5—1.8 mm. Head pale green, neck often
black. Rostrum 1 .0—1. 1 mm long. First antennal segment almost as long as
length of pronotum. Pronotum pale green, basal area adjacent to
scutellum often black. Scutellum mostly pale green. Hemelytra mostly
clear, inner margin of clavus and apical margin of corium black. Legs pale
green.
143
Fig. 108. Hyaliodes vitripennis
144
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the pale green collar,
calli, and scutellum and by the black margin on the inner clavus and apical
corium (Fig. 108).
Collected on apple and pear in Quebec; on apple, pear, plum, and
grape in Ontario; predaceous on mites and aphids.
Also collected on Quercus spp., and Ulmus americana.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Quebec, Ontario (Map 59).
Hyaliodes hart/ Knight
Fig. 109; Map 60
Hyaliodes harti Knight, 19416:57.
Length 5.0—5.3 mm; width 1.5-1.8 mm. Head pale green tinged with
red, area between eyes dark brown. Rostrum 1.2—1.3 mm long. First
antennal segment longer than length of pronotum. Pronotum mostly pale
green, collar and calli black. Scutellum mostly black, apex pale. Hemelytra
mostly clear; inner margin of clavus black, apical margin of corium red.
Legs pale green.
Remarks. Gilliatt (1935) first observed harti (cited as vitripennis Say)
in Nova Scotia. It is distinguished by the black collar and calli and by the
red margin on the apical corium (Fig. 107).
Map 60. Collection localities for Hyaliodes harti.
145
Fig. 109. Hyaliodes hard
146
Collected on apple and plum in Nova Scotia; on apple and pear in
Quebec; on apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, sweet cherry, sour cherry,
mulberry, grape, and raspberry in Ontario; on raspberry in the Prairie
Provinces; on apple, pear, peach, plum, and sweet cherry in British
Columbia; predaceous on mites, aphids, psyllids, and other small arthro-
pods.
Also collected on Acer spp., Alnus rugosa, Corylus americana, Fraxinus
spp., Juglans nigra, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus spp., Robinea pseudoacacia,
Shepherdia canadensis, Ulmus americana, and potato.
Distribution. Eastern and north central USA; Nova Scotia,
Quebec, Ontario, Prairie Provinces, British Columbia (Map 60).
Tribe Deraeocorini
Eight species representing the genera Eurychilopterella and Deraeocoris
were collected.
Key to genera of Deraeocorini
1. Head strongly protruded (Fig. 110); rostrum extending beyond hind coxae
Eurychilopterella Reuter (p. 147)
Head not strongly protruded (Figs. 111—117); rostrum extending to middle
coxa Deraeocoris Kirschbaum (p. 148)
Genus Eurychilopterella Reuter
Elongate-oval species. Head protruded, carina between eyes distinct.
Rostrum extending beyond hind coxae. Pronotum strongly punctate;
hemelytra finely punctate; pubescence simple, long and dense, silvery.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Eurychilopterella luridula Reuter
Figs. 16, 110; Map 61
Eurychilopterella luridula Reuter, 1909:60.
Length 3.9-4.5 mm; width 1.7-2.0 mm. Head black, area next to eyes
pale. Rostrum 2.6-2.8 mm long. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra
pale green marked with black. Ventral surface mostly black; legs mostly
pale green.
147
Map 6 1 . Collection localities for Eurychilopterella luridula (•), and Deraeocoris bakeri
(m).
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the protruding head, by
the color pattern on the dorsum, by the long and dense pubescence (Fig.
1 10), and by the long rostrum.
Collected on apple in Prince Edward Island; on apple and pear in
Nova Scotia and Ontario; predaceous on scale insects. MacPhee (in litt.)
observed large number of nymphs preying on apple scale in Nova Scotia.
The nymphs appear about the end of May and the adults about the
end of June. The adults are active throughout July and August, and
gradually die out by the end of September.
Also collected on Quercus rubra and Carya ovata.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia,
Ontario (Map 61).
Genus Deraeocoris Kirschbaum
Robust, strongly punctate species. Head oblique, carina between eyes
distinct or absent. Rostrum extending to middle coxae. Pronotum and
hemelytra strongly punctate; scutellum punctate or impunctate; pubes-
cence simple, short, and sparse.
Seven species were collected. Species with punctate scutellum hi-
bernate; species with impunctate scutellum overwinter in the egg stage.
148
Fig. 110. Eurychilopterella luridula
149
Key to species of Deraeocoris
1. Scutellum punctate (Figs. 1 1 1-1 13) 2
Scutellum impunctate 4
2. Pronotum and hemelvtra uniformly black; wing membrane with apical half
clear (Fig. Ill) .' bakeri Knight (p. 150)
Pronotum and hemelytra marked with pale areas; wing membrane with apical
half fuscous or with fuscous spots (Figs. 1 12, 1 13) 3
3. Calli distinctly punctate; wing membrane on apical half mostly clear; species
3.9 mm or smaller (Fig. 112) nebulosus (Uhler) (p. 152 )
Calli impunctate; wing membrane on apical half fuscous; species 4.6 mm or
larger (Fig. 113) brevis (Uhler) (p. 154)
4. Hind tibiae uniformly pale yellow; apical half of wing membrane clear (Fig.
1 14); male claspers (Fig. 125) nitenatus Knight (p. 156)
Hind tibiae banded with brown; apical half of wing membrane fuscous (Figs.
115-117) 5
5. Pronotum and hemelytra mostly grayish (Fig. 115); male claspers (Fig. 124)
aphidiphdgus Knight (p. 156)
Pronotum and hemelytra mostly brown; wing membrane with large fuscous
spot near apex (Fig. 116) 6
6. Pronotum without black rays behind calli (Fig. 116); male claspers (Fig. 127)
fasciolus Knight (p. 158)
Pronotum with black rays behind calli (Fig. 117); male claspers (Fig. 128) . . .
borealis (Van Duzee) (p. 160)
Deraeocoris bakeri Knight
Fig. Ill; Map 61
Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) bakeri Knight, 1921a: 102.
Length 3.6—4.2 mm; width 1.7-2.0 mm. Head black, tip of clypeus
and carina often pale yellow. Pronotum black, calli impunctate. Scutellum
black, apex often pale yellow; punctate. Hemelytra black; apical half of
wing membrane clear.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the small size, by the
black pronotum and hemelytra, and by the clear apical half of the wing
membrane (Fig. 111).
Collected on apple and pear in British Columbia; predaceous on
aphids and psyllids.
The adults hibernate. The eggs are laid in the spring and during
early summer, and the overwintered adults gradually die out by the end of
July. The nymphs appear about the end of April or early May, and new
generation adults appear about the end of May or early June. Thus, the
new adults overlap the declining numbers of overwintered adults. The
new adults are active throughout the summer and fall until hibernation.
150
Fig. 111. Deraeocoris bakeri
Also collected on Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Artemisia tridentata , and
Purshia tridentata, and carrot.
Distribution. Western USA; British Columbia (Map 61).
151
Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler)
Fig. 112; Map 62
Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhler, 1872:414.
Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) nebulosus: Knight, 192 la:91 .
Length 3.2—4.0 mm; width 1.4—1.9 mm. Head light brown marked
with black. Pronotum light brown, callus and spot behind black; calli
punctate. Scutellum black, side margins and apex pale yellow; punctate.
Hemelytra light brown marked with black; wing membrane mostly clear,
spot near outer margin fuscous.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the small size, by the
color pattern on the dorsum, by the punctate calli and scutellum, and by
the fuscous spot on the wing membrane (Fig. 112).
Collected on apple and pear in Nova Scotia and Quebec; on apple,
pear, peach, sour cherry, and mulberry in Ontario; predaceous on aphids
and mites. Gilliatt (1935) observed the species preying on red mites in
Nova Scotia; MacPhee and Sanford (1956) observed it preying on mites,
aphids, and larvae of eyespotted bud moth and codling moth.
The adults hibernate. The life history is similar to that of bakeri, but
the nymphs appear in June and the adults in July.
Map 62. Collection localities for Deraeocoris nebulosus (m), and Deraeocoris brevis (%).
152
Also collected on Tilia cordata, Salix spp., Quercus spp., J uglans nigra,
and Corylus americana.
Distribution. Widespread in USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario
(Map 62).
Fig. 1 12. Deraeocoris nebulosus
153
Deraeocorls brevis (Uhler)
Fig. 113; Map 62
Camptobrochis brevis Uhler, 1904:359.
Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) brevis: Knight, 1921a: 103.
Length 4.6—4.9 mm; width 2.1-2.5 mm. Head black marked with
yellow. Pronotum black, side margins often pale brown, callus impunc-
tate. Scutellum black, side margins and apex yellow; punctate. Hemelytra
light brown marked with black; wing membrane mostly pale on basal half,
fuscous on apical half.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the color pattern on the
dorsum, by the impunctate calli, by the punctate scutellum, and by the
fuscous apical half of the wing membrane (Fig. 1 13).
Collected on apple, pear, and raspberry in British Columbia; on
saskatoon, chokecherry, and raspberry in the Prairie Provinces; pre-
daceous on mites, aphids, and psyllids. McMullen and Jong (1967) ob-
served the species preying on mites and pear psylla in British Columbia.
The adults hibernate. The life history is similar to that of bakeri.
Also collected on Artemisia tridentata, Acer negundo, Ceanothus san-
guineus, Spiraea douglassi, Pinus contorta, P. banksiana, Juniperus communis,
and carrot.
Distribution. Western USA; British Columbia, Prairie Provinces
(Map 62).
Map 63. Collection localities for Deraeocoris nitenatus.
154
Fig. 113. Deraeocoris brevis
155
Deraeocoris nitenatus Knight
Figs. 114, 125; Map 63
Deraeocoris nitenatus Knight, 1921a: 141.
Length 5.6—6.3 mm; width 2.6—2.9 mm. Head mostly pale yellow,
frons with several transverse black bars. Pronotum light brown, punc-
tures black; calli margined with black. Scutellum impunctate. Hemelytra
light brown; corium often reddish, punctures black. Apical half of wing
membrane clear. Tibiae pale yellow.
Remarks. The species is distinguished by the pale tibiae (Fig. 1 14)
and by the male claspers (Fig. 125).
Collected on chokecherry in Quebec; on apple, pear, and mulberry
in Ontario; on chokecherry and saskatoon in the Prairie Provinces; pre-
daceous on aphids and psyllids.
Overwinters in the egg stage. The nymphs appear about the first of
May and the adults about early June. The adults are active throughout
June, July, and August, and gradually die out by September.
Also collected on Qjuercus spp., and Ulmus americana.
Distribution. Eastern and north central USA; Quebec, Ontario,
Prairie Provinces (Map 63).
Deraeocoris aphidiphagus Knight
Figs. 1 15, 126; Map 64
Deraeocoris aph idiphagus Knight, 192 1«: 134.
Length 5.7—6.6 mm; width 2.8-3.2 mm. Head pale yellow marked
with black. Pronotum gray, calli and punctures black. Scutellum pale with
longitudinal bar each side of middle black; impunctate. Hemelytra
grayish marked with black. Ventral surface brown; legs mostly pale; hind
femur brown on apical half; tibiae banded with brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the grayish color of the
hemelytra (Fig. 115) and by the left clasper (Fig. 126).
Collected on apple in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,
Quebec, and Ontario; on pear in Nova Scotia; on chokecherry and saska-
toon in the Prairie Provinces; predaceous on aphids.
Overwinters in the egg stage. The life history is similar to that of
nitenatus.
156
Fig. 114. Deraeocoris nitenatus
157
Map 64. Collection localities for Deraeocoris aphidiphagus.
Also collected on Quercus spp., and Ulmus americana.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario,
Prairie Provinces (Map 64).
Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight
Figs. 116, 127; Map 65
Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight, 1921a: 123.
Length 6.3-7.0 mm; width 2.9-3.2 mm. Head pale brown marked
with black bars. Pronotum light brown, punctures black; calli marked with
irregular black bars. Scutellum light brown, broad area each side of
median line black. Hemelytra reddish brown; corium with black spot at
middle; cuneus pale, tip black; wing membrane with large rounded
fuscous spot at apex. Ventral surface reddish brown.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the reddish brown color,
by the irregular black markings on the calli, by the rounded fuscous spot
on the wing membrane (Fig. 116), and by the male claspers (Fig. 127).
Collected on apple in Nova Scotia and Quebec; on apple and mulber-
ry in Ontario; on pin cherry and raspberry in the Prairie Provinces; on
apple and pear in British Columbia; predaceous on aphids, psyllids, and
mites. Lord (1949) observed the species preying on apple aphids, and
MacPhee and Sanford (1954) observed it preying on mites, aphids, codl-
ing moth, and eyespotted bud moth eggs and larvae in Nova Scotia;
Fig. 115. Deraeocoris aphidiphagus
159
Map 65. Collection localities for Deraeocoris fasciolus.
Braimah et al. ( 1 98 1 ) observed the species on apple in Quebec. McMullen
and Jong (1967) observed it preying on mites and psyllids in British
Columbia.
Overwinters in the egg stage. The life history is similar to that of
nitenatus.
Also collected on Alnus spp., Betula spp., Salix spp., Acer negundo, and
Quercus macrocarpa.
Distribution. Northeastern and north central USA, Oregon; Nova
Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie Provinces, British Columbia (Map 65).
Deraeocoris borealis (Van Duzee)
Figs. 117, 128; Map 66
Camptobrochis borealis Van Duzee, 1920:354.
Deraeocoris borealis: Knight, 192 la: 120.
Length 5.7-7.0 mm; width 2.6-2.9 mm. Head light brown marked
with black bars. Pronotum light brown, punctures black; calli black with
black rays behind. Scutellum yellow with broad area each side of median
line black. Hemelytra light brown; cuneus pale, tip black; wing membrane
with rounded spot at apex as in fasciolus. Ventral surface reddish brown.
160
Fig. 116. Deraeocoris fasciolus
161
Map 66. Collection localities for Deraeocoris borealis (%), and Campyloneura virgula
(m).
Remarks. This species is similar to fasciolus in appearance. It is
separated from fasciolus by the completely black calli and the black rays
behind them (Fig. 1 17), and by the differences in the right clasper (Fig.
128).
Collected on apple in Nova Scotia and Ontario; on pin cherry in
Quebec; predaceous on aphids. Caesar (1920) reported the species
preying on apple aphids in Ontario.
Overwinters in the egg stage. The life history is similar to that of
nitenatus.
Also collected on Alnus rugosa.
Distribution. Northeastern USA; Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario
(Map 66).
Subfamily Dicyphinae Reuter
The following are the subfamily characteristics: 1) large pronotal
collar; 2) slender delicate form; 3) second segment of hind tarsus longer
than first; 4) tarsal claws sharply angled at their bases; 5) hairlike parem-
podia; and 6) large pulvilli.
The subfamily is represented by four genera and seven species. Five
species are predaceous, two species are predaceous and phytophagous.
162
Fig. 117. Deraeocoris borealis
163
Key to genera of Dicyphinae
1. Eyes close to pronotum (Figs. 1 18,1 19) 2
Eyes remote from pronotum (Fig. 120) 3
2. Second antennal segment much longer than width of pronotum (Fig. 118)
Campyloneura Fieber (p. 164)
Second antennal segment shorter than width of pronotum (Fig. 119)
Cyrtopeltis Fieber (p. 165)
3. Eyes small (Fig. 120) Macrolophus Fieber (p. 168)
Eves large (Figs. 121-124) Dicyphus Fieber (p. 170)
Genus Campyloneura Fieber
Elongate, slender species. Head vertical; eyes large, close to pro-
notum, carina between them absent. Pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra
impunctate; pubescence simple.
One species, introduced from Europe, was collected. Overwinters in
the egg stage.
Campyloneura virgula (Herrich-Schaeffer)
Fig. 118; Map 66
Capsus virgula Herrich-Schaeffer, 1836:51.
Campyloneura virgula: Fieber, 1861:268.
Length 4.0—4.7 mm; width 1.2-1.4 mm. Head black, spot behind
each eye yellow. First antennal segment mostly pale yellow, second seg-
ment black, longer than width of pronotum at base. Pronotum pale green,
calli orange or reddish. Scutellum yellow. Hemelytra pale translucent;
clavus often brown, cuneus yellow, apex red. Ventral surface pale yellow,
side of abdomen with black spot near apex; legs pale yellow.
Remarks. Downes ( 1 957) first reported this European species from
British Columbia. It is distinguished by the black head, by the orange or
red calli, and by the yellow cuneus with a red apex (Fig. 118).
Collected on plum in British Columbia; predaceous on mites. Only
the females were collected.
The nymphs appear in May and the adults in early June. The females
are active from June to September, gradually dying out by the end of
September.
Also collected on Acer macrophyllum, Corylus calif ornica, Ligustrum vul-
gar e, and Rosa nutkana.
Distribution. Europe; British Columbia (Map 66).
164
Genus Cyrtopeltis Fieber
Elongate, slender species. Head oblique, eyes large, close to pro-
notum, carina between them absent. Pronotum finely rugose. Hemelytra
impunctate; pubescence simple.
One species was collected. Adults hibernate.
Cyrtopeltis bakeri Knight
Figs. 119, 129; Map 67
Cyrtopeltis bakeri Knight, 1943:58.
Length 3.5— 3.7 mm; width 1.0-1.1 mm. Head black, spot near each
eye on vertex yellow. First antennal segment black, base and apex yellow;
second segment yellow, base and apex fuscous, shorter than width of
pronotum at base. Pronotum and scutellum black. Hemelytra black;
costal margin pale green, cuneus pale green, spot near apex black. Ven-
tral surface black; legs pale green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black head, pro-
notum, and scutellum, by the black hemelytra with pale green costal
margins (Fig. 119), and by the sickle-shaped left clasper (Fig. 129).
Map 67. Collection localities for Cyrtopeltis bakeri (m), and Macrolophus tenuicornis
165
Fig. 118. Campy loneura virgula
166
Fig. 119. Cyrtopeltis bakeri
167
Collected on thimbleberry in British Columbia; predaceous on
aphids.
The overwintered adults lay eggs early in the spring, and gradually
die out by the end of June. The nymphs appear about the end of May and
the new adults about the end of June. The new generation adults are
active until hibernation.
Distribution. Oregon, Washington; British Columbia (Map 67).
Genus Macrolophus Fieber
Elongate, slender species. Head horizontal, front declivent; eyes
small, far removed from pronotum; carina between eyes absent. Pro-
notum and hemelytra impunctate; pubescence simple. Legs long and
slender.
One species was collected. Overwinters in the egg stage.
Macrolophus tenuicornis Blatchley
Fig. 120; Map 67
Macrolophus tenuicornis Blatchley, 1926:913.
Macrolophus longicornis Knight, 1926:314.
Length 4.0—4.4 mm; width 0.9—1.1 mm. Head green, stripe behind
each eye black; first antennal segment mostly black, longer than width of
head; second segment green, apex black, longer than width of pronotum
at base. Pronotum and scutellum green. Hemelytra green; clavus and
inner corium spotted with fuscous, outer corium with large black spot
near apex; cuneus pale green, apex black. Ventral surface and legs green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the small eyes, by the
long first antennal segments, and by the spotting on the hemelytra (Fig.
118).
Collected on raspberry in the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, and
Ontario; predaceous on aphids.
The nymphs appear about mid-May and the adults about mid-June.
The adults are active throughout July and August, and gradually die out
by early September.
Also collected on Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Polymnia canadensis, Aster
spp., Gerardia pectinata, and Geranium sp.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario
(Map 67).
168
Fig. 120. Macrolophus tenuicornis
169
Genus Dicyphus Fieber
Elongate, slender species. Head nearly vertical in front; eyes large,
considerably removed from pronotum; carina between eyes absent. Pro-
notum impunctate, calli prominent. Hemelytra impunctate; pubescence
simple. Legs long, slender.
Four species were collected; three species hibernate, one overwinters
in the egg stage.
Key to species of Dicyphus
1. Osteolar peritreme depressed, inconspicuous; pronotum black or with yellow
median line (Fig. 121); left clasper (Fig. 130) rubi Knight (p. 170)
Osteolar peritreme elevated, prominent; pronotum mostly yellowish or red-
dish 2
2. Larger species, over 4.4 mm long (Fig. 122); left clasper (Fig. 131)
famelicus (Uhler) (p. 172)
Small species, under 4.0 mm long 3
3. Second antennal segment longer than width of pronotum at base (Fig. 123);
left clasper (Fig. 132) discrepans Knight (p. 174)
Second antennal segment shorter than width of pronotum at base (Fig. 124);
left clasper (Fig. 133) Hesperus Knight (p. 176)
Dicyphus rubi Knight
Figs. 121, 130; Map 68
Dicyphus rubi Knight, 1968:72.
Map 68. Collection localities for Dicyphus rubi.
170
Fig. 121. Dicyphus rubi
171
Length 4.2—4.6 mm; width 0.9—1.1 mm. Head black, spot on top next
to each eye yellow. First antennal segment pale, second segment black.
Pronotum black, wedge-shaped median area often green; collar white.
Scutellum black. Hemelytra pale green; inner clavus fuscous, spot at apex
of embolium and at apex of cuneus fuscous. Ventral surface black; legs
green.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black scutellum, by
the pale first antennal segment, by the black second antennal segment
(Fig. 121), and by the slender process on the left clasper (Fig. 130).
Collected on raspberry in the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario,
and Prairie Provinces; on squashberry, thimbleberry, raspberry, and
gooseberry in British Columbia; phytophagous and predaceous on
aphids.
Overwinters in the egg stage. The nymphs appear in early May and
the adults in early June. The adults are active throughout July and
August, and gradually die out by mid-September.
Distribution. New York, Michigan, Colorado, Utah; Maritime
Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie Provinces, British Columbia (Map
68).
Dicyphus famelicus (Uhler)
Figs. 122, 131; Map 69
1 do loc oris famelicus Uhler, 1878:413.
Dicyphus famelicus: Atkinson, 1890:128.
Map 69. Collection localities for Dicyphus famelicus.
Ill
Length 4 .4- 4.7 mm; width 1.0-1.2 mm. Head light yellow often
marked with red. First antennal segment pale green, bar near base and
apex red; second segment pale green, apical one third red or black.
Pronotum and scutellum light yellow. Hemelytra opaque white marked
with orange or red. Ventral surface yellow or orange; legs pale green.
Macropterous.
Fig. 122. Dicyphus famelicus
173
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the large size, by the
reddish or orange color on the hemelvtra (Fig. 1 22), and by the left clasper
(Fig. 131).
Collected on raspberry in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Ontario; phytophagous, and predaceous on aphids.
The adults hibernate. The eggs are laid in the spring, and the adults
gradually die out by the end of June. The nymphs appear about the first
part of June and the new adults about the first part of July. The new adults
are active until hibernation.
Distribution. Eastern USA; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Ontario (Map 69).
Dicyphus discrepans Knight
Figs. 123, 132; Map 70
Dicyphus discrepans Knight, 1923/?;476.
Length 3.2—3.9 mm; width 0.9—1.1 mm. Head black, area behind
each eye yellow. Rostrum 1.4—1.6 mm long. First antennal segment yel-
low, base and apex red, often all black; second segment longer than width
of pronotum at base. Pronotum pale yellow, transverse groove behind
calli often red. Scutellum yellow, median longitudinal line reddish brown.
Map 70. Collection localities for Dicyphus discrepans.
174
Fig. 123. Dicyphus discrepans
175
Hemelytra opaque white marked with fuscous; apex of corium with black
spot, apex of cuneus red. Ventral surface black; legs pale green.
Brachypterous and macropterous.
Remarks. This species is distinguished by the black head (Fig. 123)
and the black ventral surface, and by the left clasper (Fig. 132).
Collected on raspberry in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Ontario, and Prairie Provinces; on thimbleberry and gooseberry in Brit-
ish Columbia; predaceous on aphids.
The adults hibernate. The life history is similar to that offamelicus.
Also collected on Aster spp., Salix spp., and Rosa spp.
Distribution. Northern USA; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Ontario, Prairie Provinces, British Columbia (Map 70).
Dicyphus Hesperus Knight
Figs. 124, 133; Map 71
Dicyphus hesperus Knight, 1943:56.
Length 3.2-3.9 mm; width 0.9-1.1 mm. Rostrum 1.2-1.4 mm long.
First antennal segment black, middle area often yellow; second segment
shorter than width of pronotum at base. Similar to discrepans in size and
color. Males macropterous, females macropterous and brachypterous.
Map 7 1 . Collection localities for Dicyphus hesperus.
176
Fig. 124. Dicyphus hesperus
111
131
133
Figs. 125—133. Male claspers of Deraeocorinae and Dicyphinae. 125, Deraeocoris
nitenatus; 126, Deraeocoris aphidiphagus; 127 , Deraeocoris fasciolus; 128, Deraeocoris
borealis; 129, Cyrtopeltis bakeri; 130, Dicyphus rubi; 131, Dicyphus famelicus; 132,
Dicyphus discrepans; 133, Dicyphus hesperus.
178
Remarks. This species is separated from discrepans by the shorter
second antennal segment (Fig. 124) and by the absence of the notch on the
left clasper (Fig. 133).
Collected on raspberry, blackberry, and thimbleberry in British Co-
lumbia; on raspberry in the Prairie Provinces; on raspberry and thim-
bleberry in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; predaceous on aphids.
The adults hibernate. The life history is similar to that of famelicus .
Also collected on Mentha arvensis.
Distribution. Western USA; British Columbia, Prairie Provinces,
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick (Map 71).
179
Scientific and common names of plants
Abies balsamea
Abies lasiocarpa
Acer macrophyllum
Acer negundo
Acer saccharum
alfalfa
Allegheny serviceberry
alpine fir
Alnus rugosa
Ambrosia trifida
Amelanchier alnifolia
Amelanchier laevis
American beech
American elm
American hazelnut
apple
apricot
American elm
Artemisia tridentata
balsam fir
basswood
Betula occidentalis
Betula papyrifera
big sagebrush
blackberry
black ash
black cherry
black locust
black walnut
blue beech
blueberry
bog-laurel
broom
broadleaf maple
bur oak
California hazelnut
caragana
Caragana arborescens
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya ovata
Carya spp.
Ceanothus sanguineus
chokecherry
chrysanthemum
balsam fir
alpine fir
broadleaf maple
Manitoba maple
sugar maple
Me die a go sativa
Amelanchier laevis
Abies lasiocarpa
speckled alder
giant ragweed
saskatoon
Allegheny serviceberry
Fagus grandifolia '
Ulmus americana
Corylus americana
Malus spp.
Prunus armeniaca
Ulmus americana
big sagebrush
Abies balsamea
Tilia americana
water birch
paper birch
Artemisia tridentata
Rubus ur sinus
Fraxinus nigra
Prunus serotina
Robinea pseudacacia
Juglans nigra
Carpinus caroliniana
Vaccinium spp.
Kalmia polifolia
Cytisus scoparius
Acer macrophyllum
Quercus macrocarpa
Corylus californica
Caragana arborescens
caragana
blue beech
shagbark hickory
hickory
redstem ceanothus
Prunus virginiana
Chrysanthemum spp.
180
Chrysanthemum spp.
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Corylus americana
Corylus avellana
Corylus calif ornica
cranberry
Crataegus chrysocarpa
common mullein
common privet
common wild rose
common witch-hazel
currant
Cytisus scoparius
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
elderberry
European ash
European beech
European hazel
Fagus gr audi folia
Fagus sylvatica
field mint
fireberry
Fragaria spp.
Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus nigra
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
geranium
Geranium spp.
gerardia
Gerardia pectinata
giant ragweed
gooseberry
grape, cultivated
grape, wild
greasewood
Hamamelis virginiana
hayscented fern
hickory
high bush-cranberry
ironwood
Juglans nigra
chrysanthemum
rabbitbrush
American hazelnut
European hazel
California hazelnut
Vaccinium macrocarpon
fireberry
Verbascum thapsus
Ligustrum vulgar e
Rosa nutkana
Hamamelis virginiana
Ribes spp.
broom
hayscented fern
Sambucus glauca
Fraxinus excelsior
Fagus sylvatica
Corylus avellana
American beech
European beech
Mentha arvensis
Crataegus chrysocarpa
strawberry
white ash
European ash
black ash
red ash
Geranium spp.
geranium
Gerardia pectinata
gerardia
Ambrosia trifida
Ribes spp.
Vitis spp.
Vitis rotundifolia
Purshia tridentata
common witch-hazel
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Carya spp.
Viburnum trilobum
Ostrya virginiana
black walnut
181
Kalmia polifolia
bog-laurel
leafcup
Ligustrum vulgar e
lodgepole pine
loganberry
Malus spp.
Manitoba maple
Medicago sativa
Mentha arvensis
Morus rubra
nannyberry
oak
Ostrya virginiana
paper birch
Picea glauca
peach
pear
pin cherry
Pinus contorta
plum
Polymnia canadensis
potato
prickly ash
Prunus armeniaca
Prunus avium
Prunus cerasus
Prunus domestica
Prunus pensylvanica
Prunus persica
Prunus serotina
Prunus virginiana
Purshia tridentata
pyramidal spirea
Quercus alba
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus rubra
rabbitbrush
raspberry
red ash
red mulberry
red oak
redstem ceanothus
Ribes spp.
Polymnia canadensis
common privet
Pinus contorta
Rub us spp.
apple
Acer negundo
alfalfa
field mint
red mulberry
Viburnum lentago
Quercus spp.
ironwood
Betula papyri f era
white spruce
Prunus persica
Pyrus communis
Prunus pensylvanica
lodgepole pine
Prunus domestica
leafcup
Solanum spp.
Zanthoxylum americanum
apricot
sweet cherry
sour cherry
plum
pin cherry
peach
black cherry
chokecherry
greasewood
Spiraea pyramidea
white oak
bur oak
red oak
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Rubus spp.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Morus rubra
Quercus rubra
Ceanothus sanguineus
currant
182
Ribes spp.
Robinea pseudacacia
Rosa nutkana
Rubus spp.
Rubus spp.
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus ursinus
russet buffaloberry
Salix interior
Sambucus glauca
sandbar willow
saskatoon
shagbark hickory
Shepherdia canadensis
small-leaved lime
Solarium spp.
sour cherry
speckled alder
Spiraea pyramidea
squashberry
strawberry
sugar maple
sweet cherry
thimbleberry
Tilia americana
Tilia cordata
Ulmus americana
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Verbascum thapsus
Viburnum edule
Viburnum lentago
Viburnum trilobum
Vitis spp.
Vitis rotundifolia
water birch
white ash
white oak
white spruce
Zanthoxylum americanum
gooseberry
black locust
common wild rose
loganberry
raspberry
thimbleberry
blackberry
Shepherdia canadensis
sandbar willow
elderberry
Salix interior
Amelanchier alnifolia
Carya ovata
russet buffaloberry
Tilia cordata
potato
Prunus cerasus
Alnus rugosa
pyramidal spirea
Viburnum edule
Fragaria spp.
Acer saccharum
Prunus avium
Rubus parviflorus
basswood
small-leaved lime
American elm
blueberry
cranberry
common mullein
squashberry
nannyberry
high bush-cranberry
grape, cultivated
grape, wild
Betula occidentalis
Fraxinus americana
Quercus alba
Picea glauca
prickly ash
183
Glossary
Structures labeled in Figure 1 are not repeated here.
apex That part of any joint or structure opposite the base by which it is
attached.
appressed Pressed close to or lying flat.
apterous Lacking wings.
brachypterous With short or abbreviated wings.
claspers The left and right structures on the male genital segment used
in copulation.
clavate Club-shaped.
convergent Coming together.
convex Rounded outward like the outside of a bowl.
costal The lateral margin of the hemelytron.
declivent Sloping gradually downward.
divergent Drawing apart.
dorsum Dorsal surface.
ductus seminis The seminal duct of the male genitalia.
dusky Somewhat dark in color.
fuscous Dusky; brownish gray, approaching black.
glabrous Hairs present, but too short to be seen readily.
horizontal Relating to the horizontal plane.
impunctate Without punctures.
incrasssate Thickened toward the apex.
irrorate Speckled.
macropterous Wings fully developed.
nymph An immature mirid.
oblique Inclined, sloping.
pilose Covered with fine, long hairs.
pleuron The side of the thorax.
predaceous Preying on other insects.
pruinose Covered with whitish dust.
pubescence Fine, soft hair covering the surface.
punctate Marked with small depressions.
rugose Wrinkled.
sclerite A hard sclerotized piece of integument, or covering.
sericeous Silky.
spiculum A slender sclerite.
striate Grooved.
submedian Below the median; e.g., a line on the frons between the
median line and the eye.
trunctate Squared rather than rounded or pointed at the tip.
tubercle A small or moderate projection.
tumid Swollen.
vesica The male phallus, or intromittent organ.
184
Fruit crop and plant bug association
(* phytophagous; # predaceous; *# phytophagous and predaceous)
Amelanchier spp.
Allegheny serviceberry
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygocoris quercalbae
*Lygus lineolaris
saskatoon
#Deraeocoris aphidiphagus
#Deraeocoris brevis
#Deraeocoris nitenatus
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris quercalbae
*Lygus lineolaris
*Plagiognathus obscurus
Fragaria spp. — strawberry
*Calocoris norvegicus
*Lopidea dakota
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus varius
*#Plagiognathus chrysanthemi
Ma/us spp. — apple
* '# Atractotomus mali
#B lepharidopterus angulatus
*#Campylomma verbasci
*Capsus ater
#Ceratocapsus digitulus
#Ceratocapsus fuscinus
#Ceratocapsus modestus
#Ceratocapsus pilosulus
#Ceratocapsus pumilus
#Deraeocoris aphidiphagus
#Deraeocoris bakeri
#Deraeocoris borealis
#Deraeocoris brevis
#Deraeocoris fasciolus
#Deraeocoris nebulosus
#Deraeocoris nitenatus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
185
#/i // rych 1 1 'opt ere I la lu ridu la
*Heterocordylus malinus
#Heterotoma meriopterum
#Hyaliodes harti
#Hyaliodes vitripennis
#Lepidopsa llus minisculus
*L\gidea mendax
*L ygocoris co m m u n is
*L\gocoris om nivagus
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygns lineolaris
*Neurocolpus nubilus
#Orthotylus viridinervis
#Paraproba capitata
#Phytocoris canadensis
#Phytocoris conspurcatus
#Phytocoris corticevivens
#Phytocoris cortitectus
#Phytocoris dim idiatus
#Phytocoris erectus
#Phytocoris graallatus
#Phytocoris husseyi
#Phytocoris interspersus
#Phytocons lasiomerus
#Phytocoris neglectus
#Phy toe oris n igrieollis
#Phytocoris onustus
#Phytoeoris salieis
#Pilophorus perplexus
*#Plagiognathus obscurus
*#P lagiogn a th us politus
#Psallus salieellus
*Stenotus binotatus
*Taedia pallidula
Morus rubra — red mulberry
#Ceratocapsus modestus
#Ceratocapsus pilosulus
#Deraeocoris fasciolus
#Deracocoris nebulosus
#Deraeocoris nitenatus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Hyaliodes harti
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygus lineolaris
#Paraproba capitata
186
#Phytocoris conspurcatus
#Phytocoris onustus
*#Plagiognathus politics
Prunus spp.
apricot
#Ceratocapsus fuscinus
#Ceratocapsus incisus
#Ceratocapsus pilosulus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Hyaliodes harti
*Lygocoris caryae
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygus lineolaris
#Phytocoris sulcatus
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygus lineolaris
#Deraeocoris aphidiphagus
#Deraeocoris brevis
*Lygocoris communis .
*Lygus lineolaris
#Phytocoris canadensis
*Taedia scrupea
#Blepharidopterus angulatus
* # Ca mpy lorn m a ve rbasci
#Ceratocapsus digitulus
#Ceratocapsus fuscinus
#Ceratocapsus incisus
#Ceratocapsus pilosulus
#Ceratocapsus pumilus
#Deraeocoris nebulosus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Hyaliodes harti
*Lygocoris caryae
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygocoris quercalbae
*Lygus hesperus
black cherry
choke cherry
peach
187
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus plagiatus
*Lygus shulli
#Phytocoris conspurcatus
#Ph\tocoris interspersus
#Phytocoris lasiomerus
#Phytocoris neglectus
#Phytocoris sulcatus
*#Plagiognathus politus
*Stenotus binotatus
#Deraeocoris borealis
#Deraeocoris fasciolus
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygus lineolaris
* #y4 tractotomus mali
#B lepharidopterus angulatus
# Campy loneura virgula
# Ceratocaps us digitulus
#Ceratocapsus fuscinus
#Ceratocapsus modes tus
#Ceratocapsus pilosulus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Hyaliodes harti
#Hyaliodes vitripennis
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris viburni
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus lineolaris
#Phytocoris dimidiatus
#Pilophorus confusus
#Pilophorus perplexus
*#Plagiognathus obscurus
*Stenotus binotatus
#B lepharidopterus angulatus
#Deraeocoris nebulosus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Hyaliodes harti
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygus lineolaris
188
pin cherry
plum
sour cherry
sweet cherry
#B lepharidopterus angulatus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Hyaliodes harti
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus shulli
*Lygus lineolaris
#Phytocoris conspurcatus
#Phytocoris interspersus
#Phytocoris lasiomerus
#Phytocoris neglectus
#Phytocoris sulcatus
*Stenotus binotatus
Pyrus spp. — pear
*#Atractotomus mali
#B lepharidopterus angulatus
* :# Campy lomma verbasci
#Ceratocapsus digitulus
#Ceratocapsus fuscinus
#Ceratocapsus incisus
#Ceratocapsus modestus
#Ceratocapsus pilosulus
#Ceratocapsus pumilus
#Deraeocoris aphidiphagus
#Deraeocoris bakeri
#Deraeocoris brevis
#Deraeocoris fasciolus
#Deraeocoris nebulosus
#Deraeocoris nitenatus
#Diaphnocoris provancheri
#Eurychilopterella luridula
#Hyaliodes harti
#Hyaliodes vitripennis
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus plagiatus
*Lygus shulli
#Orthotylus nassatus
#()rthotylus viridinervis
#Paraproba capitata
#Phytocoris conspurcatus
#Phytocoris corticevivens
189
#Phytocons cortitectus
#Phytocoris dnnidiatus
#Phytocoris husseyi
#Ph ytoco ris lasio merus
#Phy toe oris neglectus
#Phytocoris onustus
#Phy toe oris salicis
#Pilophorus perplexus
*#Plagiognathus politus
*Stenotus binotatus
*#Dicyphus rubi
*Lopidea dakota
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris belfragii
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus lineolaris
#Phytocoris canadensis
#Plagwgnathus ribesi
*Poecilocapsus lineatus
#Dicyphus discrepans
*Lygocoris belfragii
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygus lineolaris
#Phytocoris canadensis
#Plagiog7iathus ribesi
Ribes spp.
currant
gooseberry
Rubus spp.
blackberry
#Dicyphus hesperus
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus shulli
*#P lagiognath us chrysan them i
*#Plagiognathus obscurus
*# Campy lomma verbasci
*Lygocoris communis
loganberry
190
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus shulli
*#Plagiognathus chrysanthemi
*Plagiognathus obscurus
#Ceratocapsus pumilus
#Deraeocoris brevis
#Deraeocoris fasciolus
#Dicyphus discrepans
*#Dicyphus famelicus
#Dicyphus hesperus
*#Dicyphus rubi
#Heterotoma meriopterum
#Hyaliodes hard
*Lopidea dahota
*Lygocoris belfragii
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygus hesperus
*Lygus lineolaris
#Macrolophus tenuicornis
* # P lagiognath us albo radia lis
*#Plagiognathus chrysanthem i
*#Plagiognathus obscurus
*#Plagiognathus politus
*Poecilocapsus lineatus
#Psallus salicellus
#Rhinocapsus vanduzeei
raspberry
thimbleberry
#Crytopeltis bakeri
#Dicyphus discrepans
#Dicyphus hesperus
#Dicyphus rubi
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus shulli
*#Plagiognathus chrysanthemi
*Plagiognathus obscurus
Sambucus sp. — elderberry
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygus lineolaris
*Lygus nubilus
191
*Lygus lineolaris
*Plagiognathus obscurus
*Lygns lineolaris
#Rhinocapsus vanduzeei
Vaccinium spp.
blueberry
cranberry
Viburnum sp. — viburnum
*#Dicyphus rubi
*Lygocoris belfragii
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris knighti
*Lygocoris omnivagus
*Lygus lineolaris
*Campylomma verbasci
#Ceratocapsus incisus
#Ceratocapsus modestus
#Hyaliodes vitripennis
#Hyaliodes harti
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris inconspicuus
*Lygus lineolaris
*Taedia scrupea
#Ceratocapsus fuscinus
#Ceratocapsus incisus
#Ceratocapsus pumilus
*Lygocoris communis
*Lygocoris inconspicuus
*Lygus lineolaris
*Poecilocapsus lineatus
*Prepops rubellicollis
*Taedia scrupea
Vitis spp.
cultivated grape
wild grape
192
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198
Index
(Page numbers of principal entries are in boldface;
synonyms of species are in italic type.)
alboradialis, Plagiognathus 124, 132,
133, 191
angulatus, Blepharidopteus 106, 107,
109, 185, 187, 188, 189
angulatus, Lygaeus 106
annulicornis, Phytocoris 66
aphidiphagus, Deraeocoris 150, 156,
158, 159, 178, 185, 187, 189
ater, Capsus 22, 24, 25, 185
ater, Cimex 24
Atractotomus 120, 134
bakeri, Camptobrochis 150
bakeri, Cyrtopeltis 165, 167, 178, 191
bakeri, Deraeocoris 148, 150, 151, 152,
154, 185, 189
belfragii, Lygocoris 42, 50, 51, 60, 190,
191, 192
belfragii, Lygus 50
belfragii, Neolygus 50
bellus, Phytocoris 26
bidens, Taedia 18, 20
binotatus, Lygaeus 58
binotatus, Stenotus 58, 61, 63, 186,
188, 189, 190
bipunctatus, Calocoris 62
Blepharidopterus 88, 106
borealis, Camptobrochis 160
borealis, Deraeocoris 150, 160, 162,
163, 178, 185, 187, 188
brevis, Camptobrochis 154
brevis, Deraeocoris 150, 152, 154, 155,
185, 189, 191
brunneus, Lygus 128
Calocoris 12, 15, 61
Campylomma 120, 138
Campyloneura 164
canadensis, Phytocoris 66, 80, 81, 84,
186, 187, 190
capitata, Diaphnidia 106
capitata, Diaphnocoris 106
capitata, Paraproba 101, 106, 108, 186,
189
Capsus 14, 15, 24
caryae, Lygocoris 4 1 , 43, 47, 48, 60, 1 87
caryae, Lygus 43
caryae, Neolygus 43
Ceratocapsus 87, 88
chrysanthemi, Miris 126
chrysanthemi, Plagiognathus 124, 126,
128, 129, 185, 190, 191
colon, Paracalocoris 22
communis, Lygocoris 41, 42, 45, 60,
185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,
192
communis, Lygus 42, 43
communis, Neolygus 42
confusus, Capsus 118
confusus, Pilophorus 116, 118, 119,
188
conspurcatus, Phytocoris 66, 74, 75, 84,
186, 187, 188, 189
corticevivens, Phytocoris 65, 70, 7 1 , 72,
84, 186, 189
cortitectus, Phytocoris 66, 84, 86, 186,
190
Cyrtopeltis 164, 165
dakota, Lopidea 101, 104, 105, 121,
185, 190, 191
Deraeocorinae 10, 12, 141, 143, 178
Deraeocorini 12, 143, 147
Deraeocoris 147, 148, 150
Diaphnocoris 88, 110
Dicyphinae 10, 12, 162, 164, 178
Dicyphus 164, 170
digitulus, Ceratocapsus 88, 92, 93, 94,
121, 185, 187, 188, 189
dimidiatus, Phytocoris 66, 76, 77, 78,
84, 186, 188, 190
discrepans, Dicyphus 170, 174, 175,
176, 178, 179, 190, 191
distinguendus, Lygus 30
elisus, Lygus 36
epelys, Lygus 30
erectus, Phytocoris 66, 80, 81, 84, 186
Eurychilopterella 147
famelicus, Dicyphus 170, 172, 173,
176, 178, 179, 191
famelicus, Idolocoris 172
fasciolus, Deraeocoris 150, 158, 160,
161, 162, 178, 185, 186, 188, 189,
191
flavipes, Capsus 24
flavonotatus, Capsus 31
199
fuscinus, Ceratocapsus 88, 97, 98, 121,
185, 187, 188, 189, 192
gracillatus, Phytocoris 65, 71, 73, 84,
186
harti, Hyaliodes 143, 145, 146, 186,
187, 188, 189, 191, 192
hawleyi, Paracalocoris 22
hesperus, Dicyphus 170, 176, 177, 178,
190, 191
hesperus, Lygus 30, 36, 38, 41, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191
Heterocordylus 87, 101
Heterotoma 87, 99
husseyi, Phytocoris 66, 77, 84, 186, 190
Hyaliodes 143
Hyaliodini 12, 143
incisus, Ceratocapsus 88, 94, 95, 96,
121, 187, 189, 192
inconspicuus, Lygocoris 42, 48, 49, 60,
192
inconspicuus, Lygus 48
inconspicuus, Neolygus 48
interspersus, Phytocoris 65, 67, 69, 70,
186, 188, 189
invitus, Lygus 43
Knighti, Lygocoris 42, 52, 53, 60, 192
Knighti, Neolygus 52
lasiomerus, Phytocoris 65, 66, 67, 68,
84, 186, 188, 189, 190
Lepidopsallus 120, 136
lineatus, Lygaeus 26
lineatus, Poecilocapsus 26, 27, 190,
191, 192
lineolaris, Capsus 31
lineolaris, Lygus 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 39,
185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,
192
longicornis, Macrolophus 168
Lopidea 87, 104
luridula, Eurychilopterella 147, 148,
149, 186, 189
Lygidea 12, 15, 28
Lygocoris 15, 41, 60
Lygus 12, 15, 30, 36
mali, Atractotomus 134, 135, 185, 188,
189
mali, Capsus 134
malinus, Heterocordylus 101, 102,
103, 186
Macrolophus 164, 168
mendax, Lygidea 26, 28, 29, 186
meriopterum, Cimex 99
meriopterum, Heterotoma 97, 99, 100,
185, 191
minisculus, Lepidopsallus 134, 136,
137, 185
Mirinae 10, 12, 13
Mirini 13, 14
modesta, Melinna 89
modestus, Ceratocapsus 88, 89, 91, 92,
121, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192
nassatus, Cimex 115
nassatus, Orthotvlus 112, 113, 115,
121, 189
nebulosus, Camptobrochis 152
nebulosus, Deraeocoris 150, 152, 153,
185, 186, 187, 188, 189
neglectus, Phytocoris 66, 84, 85, 186,
188, 189, 190
Neurocolpus 14, 15
nigi icollis, Phytocoris 66, 76, 77, 79, 84,
186
nitenatus, Deraeocoris 150, 154, 156,
157, 160, 162, 178, 185, 186, 189
norvegicus, Calocoris 62, 64, 185
norvegicus, Cimex 62
nubilus, Lygus 30, 31, 32, 191
nubilus, Neurocolpus 14, 15, 17, 186
oblineatus, Lygus 31
obscurus, Plagiognathus 124, 128, 130,
131, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192
omnivagus, Lygocoris 42, 54, 56, 57,
60, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192
omnivagus, Lygus 54
omnivagus, Neolygus 54
onustus, Phytocoris 66, 83, 84, 186,
187, 190
Orthotylinae 10, 12, 87
Orthotylini 87, 121
Orthotylus 88, 112
pallidula, Taedia 18, 22, 23, 186
pallidulus, Paracalocoris 22
Paraproba 87, 104
perplexus, Pilophorus 113, 116, 117,
186, 188, 190
Phylinae 10, 12, 120
Phylini 120
Phytocoris 14, 15, 65, 84
Pilophorini 87, 116
Pilophorus 116
pilosulus, Ceratocapsus 86, 88, 89, 90,
121, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189
200
pilosus, Ceratocapsus 89
plagiatus, Lygus 30, 34, 36, 37, 188,
189
Plagiognathus 120, 122, 124
Platytylellus 13
Poecilocapsus 14, 24
politus, Plagiognathus 124, 125, 186,
187, 188, 190, 191
Prepops 13
provancheri, Diaphnocoris 110, 111,
185, 186, 187, 188, 189
provancheri, Melacocoris 110
Psallus 120, 140
pumila, Melinna 96
pumilus, Ceratocapsus 88, 94, 96, 97,
99, 121, 185, 187, 189, 191, 192
quadrivittatus , Capsus 26
quercalbae, Lygocoris 42, 56, 58, 59,
60, 185, 187
quercalbae, Lygus 56
quercalbae, Neolygus 56
Resthenini 13
Rhinocapsus 120, 122
ribesi, Plagiognathus 124, 126, 127,
190
rubellicoliis, Prepops 13, 14, 16, 192
rubi,Dicyphusl70, 171, 178, 190, 191,
192
salicellus, Capsus 140
salicellus, Coniortodes 140
salicellus, Psallus 140, 141, 142, 186,
191
salicis, Phytocoris 66, 81, 82, 83, 84,
186, 190
saliens, Criocoris 136
scrupea, Taedia 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 187,
192
scrupeus, Capsus 18"
scrupeus, Paracalocoris 18
scrupeus, Phytocoris 66
shulli, Lygus 30, 39, 41, 44, 188, 189,
190, 191
Stenotus 12, 15, 58
sulcatus, Phytocoris 65, 70, 84, 187,
188, 189
Taedia 14, 18, 22
tenuicornis, Macrolophus 165, 168,
169, 191
ultranubilus , Lygus 30
vanduzeei, Rhinocapsus 1 18, 122, 123,
191, 192
varius, Lygus 30, 39, 185
varia, Taedia 18, 21
verbasci, Campylomma 138, 139, 185,
187, 189, 190, 192
verbasci, Capsus 138
viburni, Lygocoris 42, 52, 54, 55, 60,
188
viburni, Lygus 54
viburni, Neolygus 54
virgula, Campyloneura 162, 164, 166,
188
virgula, Capsus 164
viridinervis, Capsus 113
viridinervis, Orthotylus 112, 113, 114,
121, 186, 189
vitripennis, Capsus 143
vitripennis, Hyaliodes 141, 143, 144,
145, 185, 188, 189, 192
201
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